Public-Health Midterm Notes PDF

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2/21/22, 9:39 PM Topic: M1-Lesson 1:Keywords and Related TermsThis is a graded discussion: 2 points possible due -M1-Lesson 1:Keywords and Related Terms 93103To understand the course better, selected terms are defined for your recall and review:A. Health care provider - Refers toany of the followin...

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2/21/22, 9:39 PM

Topic: M1-Lesson 1:Keywords and Related Terms



This is a graded discussion: 2 points possible due -

M1-Lesson 1:Keywords and Related Terms

93

103

To understand the course better, selected terms are defined for your recall and review:

A. Health care provider - Refers to any of the following: 1. A health facility which may be public or private, devoted primarily to the provision of services for health promotion, prevention, diagnosis, treatment, rehabilitation, and palliation of individuals suffering from illness, disease, injury, disability, or deformity, or in need of obstetrical or other medical and nursing care. 2. A health care professional who may be a doctor of medicine, nurse, midwife, dentist, or other allied professional or practitioner duly licensed to practice in the Philippines. 3. Community-based health care organization - Refers to an association of members of the community organized to improve the health status of that community 4. Pharmacies or drug outlets- Refer to establishments licensed under RA 9711 (Food and Drug Administration Act of 2009) which sell or offer to sell any health product directly to the general public or entities licensed by appropriate government agencies, and which are involved in compounding and/or dispensing and selling of pharmaceutical products directly to patients or endusers as defined under RA 10918 (Philippine Pharmacy Act). 5. Laboratories and diagnostic clinics - Refer to licensed facilities where tests are done on the human body or on specimens thereof to obtain information about the health status of a patient for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases.

B. Health care provider network - refers to a group of primary to tertiary care providers, whether public or private, offering people-centered and comprehensive care in an integrated and coordinated manner with the primary care provider acting as the navigator and coordinator of health care within the network.

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Topic: M1-Lesson 1:Keywords and Related Terms

C. Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) - Refers to an entity that provides, offers or covers designated health services for its plan holders or members for a fixed prepaid premium.

D. Health Technology Assessment (HTA) - refers to the systematic evaluation of properties, effects, or impact of health-related technologies, devices, medicines, vaccines, procedures, and all other health-related systems developed to solve a health problem and improve quality of lives and health outcomes, utilizing a multidisciplinary process to evaluate the social, economic, organizational, and ethical issues of a health intervention or health technology.

E. Individual-based health services - Refer to services that can be accessed within a health facility or remotely that can be definitively traced back to one (1) recipient, has a limited effect at a population level, and does not alter the underlying cause of illness such as ambulatory and inpatient care, medicines, laboratory tests, and procedures, among others.

F. Population-based health services - Refer to interventions such as health promotion, disease surveillance, and vector control, which have population groups as recipients.

G. Primary care - Refers to initial-contact, accessible, continuous, comprehensive, and coordinated care that is accessible at the time of need including a range of services for all presenting conditions, and the ability to coordinate referrals to other health care providers in the health care delivery system, when necessary.

H. Primary health care - Refers to a whole-of-society approach that aims to ensure the highest possible level of health and well-being through equitable delivery of quality health services. Private health insurance - Refers to coverage of a defined set of health services financed through private payments in the form of a premium to the insurer.

I. Public health emergency - Refers to an occurrence or imminent threat of an illness or a health condition that: a. Is caused by any of the following: (i) bioterrorism; (ii) appearance of a novel or previously controlled or eradicated infectious agent or biological toxin; (iii) a natural disaster; (iv) a chemica attack or accidental release; (v) a nuclear attack or accident; or (vi) an attack or accidental release of radioactive materials; and, b. Poses a high probability of any of the following: (i) a large number of deaths in the affected population; (ii) a large number of serious injuries or long -term disabilities in the affected population; (iii) widespread exposure to an infectious or toxic agent that poses a significant risk of substantial harm to a large number of people in the affected population; (iv) international exposure to an infectious or toxic agent that poses a significant risk to the health of citizens of other countries; or (v) trade and travel restrictions. ************************************ https://ceu.instructure.com/courses/17130/discussion topics/291702?module item id=1188567

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2/21/22, 9:40 PM

Topic: M1-Lesson 2: Public Health vs. Clinical Medicine



This is a graded discussion: 2 points possible due -

M1-Lesson 2: Public Health vs. Clinical Medicine

84

100

For more than two decades handling the course, at the start students as abstract or irrelevant to clinical medicine. Only to realize later that the parallels that can be drawn that will put a good bridge between the concept o and clinical medicine.

Public health is a social and political concept aimed at improving health, prolonging the quality of life among whole populations through health promotion, disease prevention, and ot intervention. The table that follows is one way of providing you characteristics of public health and med shared by Dr. Harvey Fineberg, Dean, Harvard University School of Public Health, 1990.

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Topic: M1-Lesson 2: Public Health vs. Clinical Medicine

The new public health seeks to address health inequalities by advocating for populatio that improve the health of the whole population in an equitable fashion. Let me share with you a summary of some parallels drawn between clinical a medicine. Please refer to the slide/table below:

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Topic: M1-Lesson 2: Public Health vs. Clinical Medicine

Earn a credit: Looking at the table above, being an undergraduate pharmacy program, what do you think will be needed to increase your engagement in public health? You can post the reply box indicated here.

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2/21/22, 9:42 PM

Topic: M1-Lesson 3: Building Blocks of Health System

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M1-Lesson 3: Building Blocks of Health System All Sections

What can be modified to each building blocks of the health system?

What are these building blocks? How pharmacists can play an integral role in the health care system?

*Service Delivery. Good service delivery comprises quality, access, safety, and coverage.

Rx ... As medicine experts, pharmacists can deliver effective, safe, and quality medicines and services to achieve optimal health outcomes. Competencies and skills you will acquire while studying in the pharmacy discipline and up-to-date knowledge are pharmacists’ core in tailoring information and advice to your future patients.

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Topic: M1-Lesson 3: Building Blocks of Health System

*Health Workforce. A well-performing workforce consists of human resources management, skills, and policies.

Rx ...How

responsive is your pharmacist to patient’s needs and preferences exactly

describe a well-performing one. The manner your pharmacist involves patients in the health care decision-making process has shown greater satisfaction and reduced complaints to offered services. I know for sure this time you are aware of the paradigm shift from a productoriented to patient-centered pharmacy service. Putting patients in high regard and treating them with dignity is a must.

*Health Information System. A well-performing system ensures the production, analysis, dissemination, and use of timely and reliable information.

Rx ... Do you agree with me when I say that pharmacist is one of the most accessible health care professionals in your community? Have you seen pharmacists in your area participating in health screening and surveillance programs - TB DOTS, checking immunization status, and detecting potential public health hazards? With reliable and timely health information, pharmacists support the development of the public health system and collectively reduce vulnerability to public health threats. Are you familiar with telepharmacy?

*Medical Products, Vaccines & Technology. Procurement and supply programs need to ensure equitable access, assured quality, and cost-effective use.

Rx ...The roles of pharmacists are not only limited to medical products but also include vaccines and medical devices, especially those that demand special knowledge with regard to uses and risks. Pharmacists, therefore, are responsible for ensuring the efficacy, integrity,

and

security

of

medical

products, devices, and, vaccines to safeguard a patient’s health.

*Financing. A good health financing system raises adequate funds for health, protects people from financial catastrophe, allocates resources, and purchases goods and services in ways that improve quality, equity, and efficiency.

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Topic: M1-Lesson 3: Building Blocks of Health System

Rx ... How can pharmacists protect vulnerable populations from financial hardships? As future pharmacists, you can provide cost-effective medicines through the rational use of medical products and modern technologies. Pharmacists' expertise in reducing and preventing medication-related problems and providing cheaper alternatives or suggesting medicines covered by insurance are just a few examples to mention that pharmacists can substantially increase health care savings across various settings.

*Leadership and Governance. Effective leadership and governance ensure the existence of strategic policy frameworks, effective oversight and coalition-building, provision of appropriate incentives, and attention to system design, and accountability.

Rx

... Pharmacists take part in public health policy development; linking disease

prevalence and drug utilization, pharmacists enable the development of effective health policies, as well as allow disease prevention to be placed within a larger context. This time of emergencies and COVID-19 pandemic, pharmacists can contribute to resource mobilization through optimization of medication use and distribution. Again, it is not enough that you have studied the above-mentioned elements but for sustainability purposes, monitoring and evaluation are critical in strengthening the system. Analyze the presented framework below. You will make use of this paradigm in proposing

your community pharmacy-based intervention as you conclude this course (group dynamics).

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2/21/22, 9:45 PM

Topic: M1-Lesson 4: Determinants of Health

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This is a graded discussion: 2 points possible due -

M1-Lesson 4: Determinants of Health

95

101

There are many factors that interfere with health equity and the ability of patients to get their health care needs to be met. For patients with complex lives and complex health needs, these challenges are even more pronounced. These social determinants of health, such as income, education, transportation, housing, and race or ethnicity, have a powerful influence on a patient's life long before they arrive at a hospital or clinic. Many factors combine together to affect the health of individuals and communities. Whether people are healthy or not, is determined by their circumstances and environment. To a large extent, factors such as where we live, the state of our environment, genetics, our income, and education level, and our relationships with friends and family all have considerable impacts on health, whereas the more commonly considered factors such as access and use of healthcare services often have less of an impact. The determinants of health include: ■the social and economic environment, ■the physical environment, and ■the person’s individual characteristics and behaviors The context of people's lives determined their health, and so blaming individuals for having poor health or crediting them for good https://ceu.instructure.com/courses/17130/discussion topics/291699?module item id=1188570

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Topic: M1-Lesson 4: Determinants of Health

health is inappropriate. Individuals are unlikely to be able to directly control many of the determinants of health.

If I may gonna ask you, what issues are affecting your health/wellness right now? Type in your answer in the reply box.

     Do you think that all Filipinos can be guaranteed with equitable access to quality and affordable health care goods and services, and be protected against financial risk? Please watch the video below:

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1:01



     President Duterte signed R.A. 11223 or the Universal Health Care Act into law last February 20, 2019. The UHC Act contains comprehensive and progressive reforms that will ensure every Filipino is healthy, protected from health hazards and risks, and has access to affordable, quality, and readily available health service that is suitable to their needs.

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Topic: M1-Lesson 5: Essential Public Health Services

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M1-Lesson 5: Essential Public Health Services All Sections

Core Functions of Public Health Agencies Public health is comprised of organized community efforts aimed at the prevention of disease and promotion of health. Inter- and multidisciplinary, public health is built upon the scientific core of epidemiology. The organizational framework of public health encompasses both activities undertaken within the formal structure of government and the associated efforts of private and voluntary organizations and individuals.

Figure 1. Core Functions of Public Health Agencies

1. ASSESSMENT is the systematic collection and analysis of available resources/data that describe the health status of the community, the needs of the community, and other epidemiologic studies of health problems. https://ceu.instructure.com/courses/17130/discussion topics/291698?module item id=1188571

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Topic: M1-Lesson 5: Essential Public Health Services

The pharmacist can play a unique role in the evaluation process to assure that medications are effectively being utilized. It is envisioned that a population analysis of medication patterns can add to the body of public health knowledge-generating better treatment regimens and improving the quality of patient care. Research involving pharmacists can create trend analyses and report longitudinal changes in patterns of medication use that may ordinarily be missed. Such findings will ultimately benefit the community and population-at-large. This illustrates the need and opportunity for public health and pharmacy professions to work in collaboration to conduct valuable research. 2. POLICY DEVELOPMENT must be based on the level of scientific and technical knowledge and on the content of public values and popular opinions. Public health officials must educate the public, but true priorities must be established by the community through the normal democratic political process. The promulgation of public health legislation and subsequent regulation is not a field generally associated with the pharmacist’s role. However, there is a myriad of public health concerns which legislators and regulatory agencies address that relate to pharmacists and the products they dispense. 3. ASSURANCE. Public health agencies must assure their constituents that the agreed-upon goals are being met. These services do not have to be provided by public health agencies, they just have to be guaranteed. Health care system managers, administrators, and evaluators are intimately involved in assuring appropriate allocation of services to meet patient needs and demands. Prominent considerations of the role of pharmacists in health care management include the distribution of drugs and supplies, delivering drug-related information, and consultation to meet the needs of patients and health team members. Consequently, there should be more effort to utilize the wealth of drug knowledge the pharmacist brings. A pharmacist currently contributes to patient care through hospitals, home care, long-term care, community pharmacy, or other components of organized health care systems. Many inpatient and ambulatory care programs have added a clinical pharmacy segment to the traditional distribution function, and an increasing number of pharmacy practitioners are engaged in clinical practice. Furthermore, much like the https://ceu.instructure.com/courses/17130/discussion topics/291698?module item id=1188571

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Topic: M1-Lesson 5: Essential Public Health Services

role of the nurse practitioner and physician assistant, the role of the pharmacist has expanded to allow for the

provisional

prescribing

of

medications in collaboration with a physician within some jurisdictions. This function would be critical in areas where there may be a shortage of physicians or other qualified health care professionals.

The 10 essential public health services describe the public health activities that all communities should undertake. Public health systems should: 1. Monitor health status to identify and solve community health problems. 2. Diagnose and investigate health problems and health hazards in the community. 3. Inform, educate, and empower people about health issues. 4. Mobilize community partnerships and action to identify and solve health problems. 5. Develop policies and plans that support individual and community health efforts. 6. Enforce laws and regulations that protect health and ensure safety. 7. Link people to needed personal health services and assures the provision of health care when otherwise unavailable. 8. Assure comp...