Com 103 final exam - Prof. Lillian PDF

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Prof. Lillian...

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Chapter 10 ● Denotative v connotative (194) ○ Denotative - is considered a literal, objective, or universally accepted ○ Connotative - the subjective or emotional meaning associated with particular words or phrases ● Oral v written style (196) ○ Oral - more spontaneous, allows flexibility when you speak. More formal and less complex ■ Doesn't have just one cause. Many factors contribute to the difficult situation we’re facing now and because there are many causes, there are many solutions ○ Written - several complexes, interrelated factors work together to produce an almost insoluble problem given the political, economic, and social context ● Acronyms (197) ○ A series of letters that stand for some longer name or title ● Active v passive voice (202) ○ Active - Holds interest and commands attention, vivid and detailed narratives have a strong likelihood of identifying with them ○ Subject receives an action ● Sensory appeals (202) ○ Vivid language that attempts to evoke one of our 5 senses: seeing, hearing, smelling, tasting, or feeling ● Ethical use of language (207) ○ Appropriateness ○ Gender-inclusive language ○ Audience expectation Chapter 11 ● Value of eye contact (220) ○ Conveys sincerity comes across more trustful and it gives us a chance to see how the audience is reacting to the speech ● Types (styles) of delivery (226) ○ Impromptu ■ Casual, off the cuff delivery, used when a speaker has little or no time for preparation ■ Manuscript ● Carefully prepared formal speeches. Designed to be delivered word for word ■ Memorized ● Presented from memory, without the assistance of speaking notes ● Using a keyword outline (225) ○ Keeps you on track and reminds you of your main ideas but it doesn’t lay out the speech word for word

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Speaking from a manuscript (230) ○ Presenting a speech from a prepared text, often in formal or ceremonial settings Using gestures and movements (220) ○ Nonverbal signals to reinforce your message

Chapter 12 ● Value of audiovisual messages ○ These sensory experiences help generate interest and involvement ● Pie graphs ○ Depicts the relative size of particular features or elements within the whole ● Visual aid and perceived credibility ○ A well-constructed graph shows listeners that you took pains to make it and ● Handouts ○ Helpful when listeners need to be able to recall information accurately for use at a later time ● Using whiteboards ○ Useful device for speakers who have no other option or who wish to compile a list while working with an audience ● Presentational software ○ Computer-generated slideshows ● Citing sources for visual aids (254) ○ You must acknowledge the source orally and on the visual. Citing is a part of being an ethical public speaker Chapter 14 ● Persuasion and democracy ○ ● Deliberating in good faith ○ debating and discussing controversial issues in a spirit of mutual respect, with a commitment to telling the truth, backing up arguments with sound reasoning and evidence, and remaining open to changing one’s mind ● Burden of proof ○ The standards or expectations that define a “reasonable argument” in a particular situation, or the proof necessary to warrant serious consideration and further debate over an advocate’s claims ● Questions of fact ○ A debatable question about existence, scope, or causality ● Questions of value ○ A debatable question about whether an idea or action is good or bad, right or wrong, just or unjust, moral or immoral ● Questions of policy ○ A debatable question about what policy or program we should adopt or what course of action we should take

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Ethos ○ The ancient Greek term for ethical proof, or the audience’s perception of the speaker’s credibility, intelligence, and motives Dynamism ○ DOES NOT MEAN RANTING AND RAVING ○ It means achieving the right balance of enthusiasm and self-control ○ Setting the right tone for the occasion Emotional appeals and affective language ○ Affective language ■ Strong, proactive language that stirs up an audience’s emotion ○ Fear, pride, anger, reverence, hatred, compassion and love - strong emotions and powerful motivators

Chapter 15 ● Persuasion and democratic citizenship ○ An essential tool for democratic citizenship ○ The chief mechanism through which citizens in a democracy select their leaders, determine their civic priorities, resolve controversies and disputes, and choose among various policies ● Claims ○ ● Evidence ○ Needs to convince a “reasonable person” that your claims are worthy of serious consideration ○ The quality of the evidence should justify the audience’s acceptance ○ The evidence must be relevant to the claim ○ The amount of evidence use must be sufficient to support the claim ● Inductive reasoning ○ Reason from specific instances to a more general conclusion ● Deductive reasoning ○ Reasoning from an accepted generalization to a conclusion about a particular case ● Bandwagon appeal ○ The fallacy that occurs when a speaker urges listeners to accept something simply because so many others accept it ● Appeal to tradition ○ A fallacy in which a speaker offers past ways of doing things as the only reason for or against doing something now or in the future ● Red herring ○ A fallacy in which the speaker attempts to throw an audience off track by raising an irrelevant, often highly emotional issue that prevents critical examination of an argument ● False dilemma

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The fallacy that occurs when a speaker suggests that we have only 2 alternatives, when in fact more than 2 alternatives exist Slippery slope ○ The fallacy that occurs when a speaker claims that some cause will inevitably lead to undesirable effects, ultimately resulting in some worst-case scenario Ad hominem attack ○ The fallacy that occurs when a speaker substitutes an attack on a person for a refutation of that person’s arguments...