CONE 101 Finals Study Guide PDF

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CON E 101 Final Study Guide 1. Defining the Built Environment a. What are the origins of buildings as human endeavor? i. Spans all of recorded history as much as unrecorded history ii. Everything which surrounds us in the built environment today was a product of someone’s imagination yesterday iii. Humans are trying to achieve…. 1. Shelter 2. Comfort 3. Emotional connection 4. Commerce 5. Architectural/Technical Innovation 6. Representation of Culture, Society, Goals iv. Depends on individual’s relationship to the building 1. Builder? Engineer? Project Manager? Resident? Customer? Inspector? a. Each of these form a different relationship with the built environment in juxtaposition to their objective with the building b. Proves that connection is very personal and the built environment serves a larger purpose, people take advantage of b. Why do we like certain buildings, and dislike others? i. How we interact with the structure, if we feel safe, in danger, vulnerable ii. Emotional ties, feelings, “reminds me of…” iii. Walsh’s Hierarchy of Structural Needs 1. (Top) Self actualization/fulfillment, personal potential, meaning 2. Aesthetic needs, symmetry order, environment 3. Cognitive needs, knowing, exploring, beauty 4. Self-esteem needs, competence, approval, health 5. Belonging and love needs, family, friends 6. Safety needs, security, shelter, defense 7. Physiological needs, hunger, thirst, shelter c. What are the functional and cultural/aesthetic postulates at work in structures? i. Functional: 1. Flooring 2. Doors 3. Roof 4. AC 5. Heater 6. Columns ii. Aesthetic: 1. Paint

2. Furniture 3. Architecture 4. Art d. How do these attributes work together? What do they tell us about the evolution of society? i. Aid in either deepening or furthering the individual’s relationship with the structure ii. Reflect wealth, societal standing, values, cultures, likes, dislikes iii. Durability and quality of either reflect wealth and value the individual places on the building iv. In regards to evolution, the attributes show more want than need 1. Things in requirement to survive vs. things that are aesthetic, cosmetic, and fulfill wants 2. Practical aspects of the function of a structure a. How do structures work? How are loads supported? What happens inside the structural elements? How does this affect the design and appearance of buildings? i. Buildings transmit loads down to a foundation by a combination of bending, tension, and compression. Bending is tension and compression, yet for most materials, tension is bad and compression is good ii. Parts of a building: beam, column, wall, foundation iii. Bending: loads go to columns due to bending, a combination of tension and compression iv. Common Building Materials: wood, stone, concrete, steel v. Definitions 1. Stress: intensity of forces 2. Strain: intensity of deformation 3. Statics: study of a body at rest 4. Tension: pulling apart 5. Compression: pushing together 6. Moment: tendency to cause rotation, force x distance 7. Elasticity: ability to return to original size 8. Dead Loads a. Due to gravity (weight of structure, pre-loading) 9. Live Loads a. Transitory 10. Wind Loads a. Under live loads, most difficult to analyze b. Random, irregular, unpredictable, from all directions, positive and negative pressures c. Temperature effects d. Vibration and Oscillation

b. What general factors lead to building failures? How do building failures influence human perception of the built environment? i. Learning from failures improve the design, construction process, materials, inspection, codes and regulations, and education of the built environment ii. To prevent failures, ASCE code of ethics keeps builders and engineers accountable 1. Canons 1-8, in order; Hold Safety Paramount, Service with Competence, Issue True Statements, Act as a Faithful Agent, Reputation by Merit, Uphold Professional Honor, Continue Professional Development, Treat all Persons Fairly iii. Failures are caused by… Natural Causes, Human and Organizational Factors 1. Failures Studied in Class: a. Tacoma Narrows Bridge (most famous) b. Oroville Dam, CA c. Citicorp Building, NY d. Millenium Bridge, London 3. Cultural/aesthetic attributes or structures a. What is the language of architecture? i. Rhythm: pattern or repetition of elements ii. Line: draws the eye in a direction, vertical- strength, power, soaring. Horizontal- shelter, status, security iii. Scale: buildings size in relation to the human body and its surroundings iv. Light: clarifies the defines the building, highlights meaning, draws eye v. Texture: effect of materials on the sense of the building by viewers vi. Color: differentiates parts, creates moods, warm colors have more heated emotional response, cool colors suggest more restful and calming vii. Ornament: accessory, embellish parts of a building or object viii. Acoustics: multiple senses 1. “We shape our buildings, and afterwards our buildings shape us” ix. Site: contrast or blend x. Space: how the volume within the building flows and connects, and the resulting impression (static, isolated, interpenetrated, flow, positive, negative) xi. Weight and mass: apparent gravity of the structure; can provide a sense of importance, lightness, bulk xii. Balance: amount of windows, wall color, etc…. aestheic balance b. What are some examples of this language? i. See photos in notes c. Can functional and cultural/aesthetic functions coincide? Are there common ways to intersect cultural and functional elements in such language? i. The connection between construction and culture

1. The built environment reflects the culture of the builders a. Pyramids b. Colosseum c. Highways ii. The built environment expresses 1. Religious beliefs, social mores, political state, economic conditions, mental capacity, technical capabilities iii. Building Logic 1. Cultural norms that produce expectations for how to use the structure 2. Influences how we expect to interact with the structure 3. Generates stereotypes 4. Can be very difficult to break 5. We often are not even aware of them d. Can you provide examples? 4. Case Studies: How each accomplish their functional and cultural/aesthetic needs a. Pyramids i. The Pyramids at Giza 1. Menkaure, Khafre, Khufu 2. When designing, needed to consider: a. Religious- west of the nile b. Safety- above nile floods c. Logistical- close to the nile d. Socio-Political- close to memphis e. Architecture: Solid, level base rock 3. How were the pyramids built so level? a. Water, stakes, plumb lines b. Consider that the site was not flat, and that base rock was left in middle 4. Materials a. Estimated quantities: 2.3 million blocks, about 1 cubic meter each, 5000 pounds b. Labor i. 1200 cutters ii. 1200 transporters iii. 600 setters 1. Total = 3000 2. Who are they? a. Citizen volunteers, rotating, well fed, high morale c. Other jobs, supporting construction i. Food prep

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Trades - carpenters, water carriers, potters, smiths, doctors iii. Supervision iv. Supply chain d. Workforce of Egypt i. Total population: 1-2 mil, half male, half adult (capable of work) ii. Remaining are unemployed or agricultural b. Castles i. What are they? 1. Fortified residence of a lord, designed to be safe against cavalry charge or siege, also a significant staff/economic center ii. Motte and Bailey 1. Castle from Pleshey, England, built by Normans after 1066 2. Could be built in a few months, muliple mottes or baileys iii. Early Norman Castles 1. Towers ringed by palisades 2. Design principle: strength of walls and structure 3. Keep was the fortress, the walls secondary 4. Primary Concerns: i. Battering ram ii. Undermining iv. Main Types of Castles 1. Motte and Bailey, Stone Keep, Concentric

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a. Lessons from Crusades 1. Mutual Defense - Layered walls, projecting towers

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Construction 1. Appears the walls were built first 2. Often a wooden palisade was thrown up first outside the eventual stone walls, keep typically next, then cathedral or chapel 3. “Commoners” had to fend for themselves vii. Decline 1. Early use of gunpowder led to changes 2. Castles begin to fall: i. Freisack castle destroyed in 2 days (1414) ii. Bamburgh in a week (1464) iii. Landstuhl in a day (1523) 3. Fixed defenses persisted as a military concept well into the 20th century viii. Case Study: First Italian War 1. Charles VIII of France, 1494 2. First siege train with artillery 3. Causes change in fortress architecture 4. Ravelins replace towers 5. New cross section a. Low lying banks and walls i. Difficult to knock down, space to deploy artillery and musketry b. Surrounded by ditch, far side covered way, surrounded by long, open slopes ix. Defense Elements 1. Fortified Walls, Moats, Ditches, Towers, Look out points, Machicolations (overhanging holes, platforms, built into castles), Gate houses, multiple gates, arrow-silts, murder roles, porticullis, drabridge, barbican (extended gatehouse with additonal laters of defense) x. Sebastien Le Prestre de Vauban (1633-1707) 1. Father of military engineering 2. Defensive- mutual defense, adapted to terrain 3. Siege Attack- zigzag approach trenches, parallels to artillery in massed batteries, trained corps of specialists c. Great Wall d. Gothic Cathedrals i. Cathedral Building Peak1. 27 gothic cathedrals built, yet the worst famine of the middle ages, the black plague, civil war, unrest ii. First gothic cathedral: Abbey Church at Saint Denis 1. Average cathedral takes 250-300 years to build

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2. Begun 1136 as a renovation of Romanesque cathedral, it opens and infuses the structure with light 3. Light is a fundamental aspect of gothic cathedrals Characteristics 1. Thin walls with many penetrations 2. Detailing is comparatively busy, a new theology 3. Rib vaults 4. Spaces are interconnected 5. Flooded with light 6. Layout a. Feudal System generates a need for kings to be powerful, able to create amazing things, connected to a long line b. Inspire cathedrals that are awe-inspiring, outside normal experience, filled with crypts and tombs 7. Flying Butresses 8. Barrel Vault 9. Gargoyles 10. Order and Repetition 11. Ornate Detailing 12. “Sacred Space,” or “Echo of the Past” Theological Underpinnings 1. Cathedral intended to be a literal rendition of heaven 2. All things had the potential to reveal the divine, material things that could only be really perceived if this were possible 3. Light is the “medium par excellence through which physical objects become capable of revealing their divine properties” 4. Repetition of order and proportion reflects the divine a. Building materials are a model of the primary bodies composing the world b. Ordering them just so is akin to an image of the cosmic order c. Geometric repetition also makes transmission of the design easier Construction 1. Tended to occur in bursts, with periods of inactivity 2. Often renovated older structures, but if they were new a. Clearing of the site b. Foundation constructed i. Trenches excavated, filled with gravel, rock, straw ii. Courses of stone laid atop c. Building construction moved East to West 3. Stone was very heavy, supply chain, mass of employees required Failures

1. Beauvais, Lincoln, Winchester, Glouchester, Worcester, Ely, Norwhich, Hereford, Chicester a. At least 17% Ultimately collapsed

e. Tower of Pisa i. Tower leaned due to lack of geotechnical investigation at construction/design ii. Italian engineers pulled the top back by around 7 centimeters iii. Government allocated $24 million to fix structure iv. Reduced the 4.5 meter top displacement by 50cm - expected to add 300 years to the 60 m tall bell tower life f. Panama Canal g. Transportation Infrastructure i. Transportation in Ancient Times 1. Egyptians a. Crews of 20-25 people pulling sledges to transport limestone, transported from south 2. Cathedral builders in England a. Shipped limestone from Normandy to Southern England across the English Channel 3. Incas a. Networks of roads in the Andes with Suspension Bridges 4. Romans a. Built roads to move military, advanced in design and wayfinding b. First highway engineers i. Via Appia (Appian Way), 300 BC ii. Planned network, foundations, layers of materials, drainage, smooth surface, maintenance iii. Highway- roads were higher than the terrain they were built on ii. Types of Bridges 1. Beam or Girder Bridge, Arch Bridge, Suspension Bridge, Truss Bridge, Bascule or Draw Bridge iii. The Interstate Highway System 1. Infrastructure got a D+ in the last ASCE Report Card 2. Dwight D. Eisenhower System of Interstate and Defense Highways a. 46,876 miles (2006) b. 2.4 billion labor hours c. 1955-92 (glenwood) d. Estimated $114B/37yr ($425 B)

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e. 54,663 bridges f. 104 tunnels Much larger than the giza pyramid complex, the great wall, the roman aqueducts, the panama and suez canals… combined What came before a. Pre-Interstate US Highway System, 1955 Components a. Toll road, free way, numbering system, signage Downside a. Urban renewal, health, renewable fuel use b. Vision was funding would cover new routes i. Traffic growth drives widening, expensive and more difficult today ii. Pushes us back to toll roads, infrastructure decaying

5. Context is Critical a. How difficult is it to understand a different built environment? Use the range of understandings of the built environment of the Americas as an example. i. Would need to understand that settings culture, likes, dislikes, societal constructs, how technologically advanced they are, their importance of infrastructure

Questions for review: 1. Consider the case studies in the context of the way that they clarify the distinction between functional and cultural characteristics of structures. Are there differences between the case studies in this regard? For example, castles and cathedrals were built with similar methods and materials in a similar time period, but they are very different structures. How do their functional/cultural importances explain some of these differences? Are there any general guidelines or rules one could use to help identify one kind of feature over the other? How can a given featur\e satisfy BOTH roles? What can a received structure tell us about the culture that produced it? How? Could you use the Pyramids and what they teach us about the culture of the day as an example? 2. Be able to explain why a building takes on the features that it does. For example, why are early European castles different from late European castles? Why does the Panama Canal have locks but the Suez Canal does not? 3. Be able to connect the themes that we discussed. For example, understand the workforces that were involved in the case studies we have considered. How do they relate to the overall historical picture we have painted? In what ways do the characteristics of the workforce change the projects? In what ways does the workforce involved color perception of the importance of the built environment?

4. Understand the value propositions of these projects. How were cost-benefit considerations made in their construction and design? For that matter, how were they “designed” and how does that process compare to a modern design approach? Think about how these projects might have been different – both in terms of form and process – if they were built today. Sagrada Familia offers an obvious example. Why do these differences exist? What do those differences tell us about who we are today? 5. Reflect on how these projects were used, and how that usage has changed over time. What does the use of the projects tell us about the understanding of the importance or need for that project? What does it tell us about changes in technology over time? How do the things we build influence our ability to grow or change? Think about the Panama Canal as an example. 6. Reconsider the building that you liked compared to the one you didn’t like. Can you articulate how the structure’s approach to its functional and cultural requirements influences your opinion? In other words, describe how a particular element of the built environment affects you directly. Could you express your reasons for preferring one structure over another more specifically and using knowledge from this course now?

In class Notes *Biommicry -construction mimics nature *Eras and Ages *Neolithic Farm -importance of agriculture when people wanted to settle down *Seven Modern Wonders -heavily related to a certain people due to who determined them 1. Hanging gardens of babylon 2. Pharos of alexandria 3. Mausoleum of halicarnassus 4. Temple of artemis 5. Colossus of rhodes 6. Olympian statue of zeus 7. Pyramid of khufu *columns *roman vs. greek architecture *egyptian kingdoms *gothic cathedral layout *controlling the built environment -past examples *roman coliseum

*the roman hypocaust *hagia sopgia *structures and human body...