Criminology Unit 1 PDF

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Different types of crimes...

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Analyse Different Types of Crime Within society there are many different types of crime, however all crimes fall in to distinctive categories these being; White Collar Crime, Moral Crime, State Crime, Technological Crime and Individual Crime. Most of these are perceived as victimless but with more of an in depth look to these crimes these are actually not victimless crimes as they do affect society in the long run. For example, White Collar Crime involves crime like Tax Evasion and Embezzlement, State Crime involves crime like Bribery or False Imprisonment, Technological Crime involves Cyber Bullying or Hacking and Individual Crime involves either Hate Crime and/or Honour Crime. White Collar Crime is normally financially driven and is a nonviolent victimless crime in which is committed by a business or government professional(s), they normally come under 3 categories, Organised, Corporate and Professional. In 1939, Edwin Sutherland was first to coin crimes such as Tax Evasion, Embezzlement, Fraud as White collar crime as he saw it as these sorts of crime were in fact committed by people in which were in a high position of trust. White Collar Crime is usually very organized this therefore means it is harder to detect by the general public or indeed the employees of a company that may be committing a crime in which is coined as a White Collar Crime. But like with anything it has a consequence and some may say that it can have a victim as it has long term effects as Tax Evasion may have taken place in a company, the people who are effected are the employees, shareholders and stakeholders, as everyone is losing money, jobs, and anything that they may have to pay for if worse comes to worst. Organised Crime holds criminal offences such as Money Laundering or Drug Trafficking these crimes are also perceived as victimless at first but may have a ripple effect towards the economy and society as a whole as crimes such as ‘Money Laundering’ the government will invest in to making the economy more stable again. Where this would mainly affect the economy would be within the private sector, which is businesses/organisations that are ran by private individuals/groups but are a part of the national economy. Moral Crime is a crime which is against social norms but can be also considered victimless as it normally concerns consenting between adults. The Crimes which are categorized within Moral Crime are crimes such as; Prostitution, Pornography, Bigamy and Illegal Drug Use and Illegal Gambling. Moral Crime can very much depend on what country you are in and also the culture/religion in which is practiced in that country, for example Illegal Gambling or Gambling overall is seen in many different lights across the world mainly when different religions are involved. In the Muslim community, there is many understandings of the sharia law but one that is consistent across all of the Muslim community is that gambling overall is sinful, they see it as it being harmful to the Muslim community all together. Punishments for Muslim gamblers can range from 12 lashes, a year’s imprisonment or a fine for those who provide venues to those who gamble. Whereas a family in England who has no religious beliefs will

find it normal to go to a casino and gamble. So therefore moral crime’s level of public awareness can differ. State crime is crimes in which inflict activity or failures to break the state's own criminal law or public international law. Criminal offences which can be categorized as State crime are; Bribery, False Imprisonment or Torture by a government. An example of this is a single police officer force takes a bribe, that is not automatically a state crime. But if the government turns a blind eye to bribery because it is the only way the police can achieve a reasonable income, or if bribery is part of an informal approach for controlling the local drugs trade, then it is a state crime. There is no apparent victim when it comes to certain crimes in which State Crime is categorized with crimes such a bribery as no one is getting physically hurt but with crimes such as False imprisonment or torture there is always a victim. When it comes to state crime, the awareness of the crimes as very low especially as it can be committed by the government themselves. There are many collective Types of Technological Crime. With technology modernising almost every day it is become inseparable from our day-today lives. However, with technology modernising this makes it a lot easier for criminals to often take advantage of vulnerabilities in cyber security to commit crimes through the use of computer technology. Crimes that come under Technologic Crime are ‘D-Dossing’, ‘Cyber Bullying’, ‘Hacking’ and ‘Phishing’. With Technological Crime unlike most of the other categories of crime there is always a victim, this will be whether it be through cyber bullying and the perpetrator is personally attacking the victim or through hacking and they are getting all the victims bank details for example. The category of Individual crime consists of hate crime and honour crime. An example of Hate Crime can be Homophobic Attacks like the incident in Orlando Florida, USA at pulse night club on June 12th 2016, which the gay nightclub was attacked and sadly 49 people were killed and 53 were wounded. Whereas Honour killing is the murder of a person accused of "bringing shame" upon their family these can be inflicted between religions like for example if a women were to leave her arranged marriage for another man and her husband killed her for doing so then that would be classified as an honour killing. Explain the reasons why certain crimes go unreported. There are many reasons to which certain crimes go unreported these can be due to the fact of a personal and/or cultural or social reasons. The Crimes in which go most unreported are Sexual Assault, Domestic Abuse and crimes which are perceived as victimless e.g. False Advertising. In all of the examples in which I have there is many reasons to why they do go unreported for sexual assault and domestic abuse it can go unreported for both as said before personal and/or social and cultural reasons. Sexual Assault and Domestic Abuse can go unreported especially in the male

gender, the reason in which males don’t come forward as its almost unspoken about in the society and in the media, Sexual Assault and Domestic Abuse towards a male can be seen as unmanly or not ‘as important’. For both genders, they may feel ashamed, upset or scared and/or it could be that the perpetrator is a family member or a colleague so therefore they don’t want to make matters worse. The Social and Cultural Reasons may be that there is a lack of knowledge between the cultures so as that may be a norm within the culture, they have been born within a culture and/or community where it is socially acceptable and it is not against their norms and values for that to happen. False Advertisement is a Corporate Crime and will go unreported more than what people think. As said before there is many reasons to why it can go unreported but one of the main reasons is because the companies and/or sellers who commit the corporate crime want to keep it out of the public eye as well as keeping it out of the medias reach. Big Companies tend to have enough money to conserve the customer by giving them the correct item or refunding them, but as majority of companies are in a position of trust they try and keep their reputation fairly high by maintaining the customer service satisfaction rates higher than major competitors. An example of this is ‘Ebay’ as most of the database is day to day people trying to sell second hand goods for a lot cheaper or similar price but some just get sent a photo of the product they have tried to buy. When situations like this occur it doesn’t get in the public eye often, so companies avoid bad media at all costs, false advertising isn’t just the product it’s also the price and/or service you were supposed to receive.

Explain the consequences of unreported crime Unreported Crime is merely talked about when statistics are given but as to anything there are many consequences which come with when people don’t report certain crimes. The consequences can be quite significant when it comes to certain crimes, which many people may not realise that it may in fact affect them. Firstly, there is the ‘Ripple Effect’. The consequence of the ripple effect is substantial, say if theft is committed in a big supermarket this will then go through the statistics and then company will raise the price of the product which is being continuously stolen. As many people may think this will affect the business, when the business is of such a tall structure they have a system called ‘Built-In Redundancy’ this means that they will be able to still hit the expected target sales and effectively still gain profit but the rest of the community will suffer as they will have to pay more. Other than businesses another situation in which can cause a ripple effect is victims of drug abusers, even though drug abuse is considered an victimless crime as it is consented between adults it can lead to domestic abuse issues between the family, theft from loved ones or indeed anyone as well as this it leads to added cost to the NHS which is within the Public Sector so therefore the

Government will have to pay out more money and less money will be going to other places in which need funding from the government more. Another consequence which can have a massive effect on communities is the cultural consequences, which can lead to decriminalisation and/or police prioritisation as well as added costs as said before, Police Prioritisation is where the police will prioritize calls In the order of importance, for example in the United States of America, after the 9/11 terrorist attacks the prioritization for the calls in which could inflict harm on the general public through terrorism, would be a priority as well as gun shootings. The Cultural consequences of crime can have massive effect on communities. With criminal behaviour being more often than not, subcultural behaviour, Edwin Sutherland and other criminologists have extended knowledge that indicates actions and identities labelled "criminal" are typically produced within the confines of deviant and criminal subcultures. An example to show the way this can have consequences and can lead to honour crime is a very well-known case of Banaz Mahmod who moved to England at the age of 10 with her family and due to her religion by the age of 17 she was in an arranged marriage to a 27-year-old man. A few months in to her marriage, Banaz’s marriage turned violent and her husband started to physically, mentally and sexually abuse her. Banaz wanted to leave her husband but in the eyes of their religion it is deemed wrong and would inflict shame on the whole family. Not long after Banaz separated from her husband, she fell in love with Rahmat Sulemani in which she met on her own accord, her family were instantly abusive and disagreed with the relationship, so therefore Banaz’s father and uncle demanded her death. She was brutally murdered by her two cousins Mohammed Saleh Ali and Omar Hussain, her post mortem reported that she died through strangulation in January 2006. Banaz’s body was buried in a suit case and was found in Handsworth, Birmingham. The way in which this can lead to decriminalisation is that if in a cultural community something is seen as not normal but in another community it as seen as one of the day to day social norms it can link as decriminalisation is defined as to cease to treat something as illegal or as a criminal offence. This can link with the Broken Window Thesis as if something is decriminalised for example; the use of cannabis can be quite open in some places of the UK but the police choose not to act upon it the way it links is that it is where it is unchecked and this leads to the reporting of it as Cannabis is a Class B drug it can lead to more people getting into more serious crimes such as supply and production of drugs. Lastly, a consequence in which can have massive effect on millions of people is that if a certain crime goes unreported it can then go through crime rates and certain statistics which are mostly provided by the Home Office it will be seen as certain crimes like for example Sexual Assault and Domestic Abuse reporting’s are decreasing it will go have a consequence of police prioritisation this can lead to police losing faith in the police as certain departments may get cuts to their budget. If years go by and

funding has been cut and it hasn’t got any media interest as well it can cause people in schools not being taught about certain crimes and they won’t be aware of the crime itself neither will they know whether they are a victim if the crime was inflicted upon them. Describe media representation of crime. The media is one of the main ways in which today’s society norms and values are formed. With Social Media sites e.g. Facebook, Twitter, YouTube etc. becoming the societies way of connecting and expressing feelings and emotion this can come across very differently through a screen. Social Media can portray many things when regarding fictional or factual information,

Explain the impact of the media representation on the public perception of crime.

Crime been seen in many different ways those in which are mainly through the media, these can have many impacts on society. Perceptions of crime trends can be influenced by 3 main ways, these ways being through Social Media, Statistics from either; BCS (British Crime Survey), ONS (Office of National Statistics) and the UK Statistics Authority. Finally, the last perception can be through the News. The certain crimes which are going to be focused on are; Domestic Abuse and other Violent Crimes. As well as Gambling. Perceptions can be highly influenced by the 3 ways mentioned before sources like the news and statistical websites are the most accurate but unfortunately are the ones that in younger generations are not used the most. When crimes such as Domestic Abuse, in today’s society due to Social Media it is seen as when you hear the words ‘Domestic Abuse’ people assume it’s the male that is the perpetrator and that a male is never a victim. With statistics from the ONS showing that reported violent crime soaring by 27% and an increase by 36% of reported sexual offences in the year ending September 2015 in result to this there was 6% rise in crime overall some may say that we are living in a world full of ever-growing crime rates. On the other hand

Violent Crimes normally categorizes a few crimes such as; Assault, Sexual Assault – (Rape), Domestic Abuse, Hate Crime, Robbery, Murder or Manslaughter in to one division. The impact in which this may have is tremendous as if a male was a victim of Domestic Abuse or any Violent Crime they may feel not as confident to go to the police about the situation. Another reason this may impact victims of Violent Crimes may not want to come forward about their horrible ordeal is because reports such as show that Greater Manchester Police fails to report 38,000 of crimes a year these crimes include rape, violent crimes and sexual offences they were later on accused of a systemic failure. Furthermore, the HM Inspectorate of Constabulary (HMIC) revealed that during the examination which was conducted between 1st September 2015 to 29th February 2016; I. II. III. IV.

16,800 reports of violent crime not recorded, 25% of the total. 500 reports of sex offence crime not recorded, 8% of the total. 11 out of 111 reports of rape audited by HMIC were not recorded. 16 out of 46 vulnerable victim crimes were not recorded.

Domestic Abuse is a common issue across the United Kingdom but that is where Charities such as Refuge, this a charity that provides support for women and children who are against domestic violence....