CS 100 Final - Google Docs PDF

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Timeline: 3000 BCE: - Stone - Clay (cuneiform) 3100 BCE: - Hieroglyphs - Papyrus 3150 BCE: - Thought gained lightness - Stone → papyrus 1430-1530 BCE: - Quipu (Incas) 700 BCE: - Alphabet effect (Havelock, Logen, Ong) - Potential for more democratic communication system, but still see literacy tied to class (it is still tightly controlled) 400-1400: - Middle Ages - Parchment (200 BCE) - Time bias → space bias medium - Ruled by monks because they wrote these scripts and it could only be read by a select few Architecture and Sculpture as key modes of visual communication - Use visual to communicate Linear perspective - Standardized way of representing the 3-D world in 2-D - Standardizing mediums allows everybody to communicate and represent the same object in the same way - Access where they couldn’t before (can't see a church in Rome but can see it with a drawing) 1400’s: - Printing Press - Moveable type (same characters over and over ) and paper - Ability to mass produce information (without the loss of information) - The reformation caused by printing press - The Gutenberg Bible 1454-55 was printed in vernacular (printed in multiple languages) - “Breaks the class monopoly of the written work” - Mumford 19th- mid 20th C.: - Telegraph → telephone → radio → television - Modernism- era of profound technological, economic, social and political change 19th-20th century - Rise of consumer society and celebrity culture (Williams)

- Capitalist and consumer based society in which media is essential Photograph- New form of communicating visually - Changes how and what we see, what we have access to - Muybridge, horse - By the late 1800's the ability to photograph becomes inexpensive and easy (taken up by the general population) The telegraph- separates transportation and communication (Carey) - Separation of a physical location - Ability to buy and sell things is no longer bound by physical location - We can share information more rapidly, people start buying and selling in other markets 19th C. in news media: entertainment and information (Schudson) - Appetite for information - Emergence of competition of these media - Difference between purpose of image (entertain) and text (fact) Photograph --> moving image- develops as a commercial enterprise - Come out of the entertainment based market - Blend of social and political rise of the modern world Early 20th C. - radio announces wireless communication - Using electromagnetic spectrum - Issues- can't be regulated, anyone can send and receive a free signal - Amateurs- false signal - Titanic - Development of tightly regulated network model Early-mid 20th C.: - Television brings images, sounds and text together wirelessly - TV was a key role in defining gender roles and family relationships (Spiegel) Mid 20th C.: - New media (digital) announces communication systems based on ‘how we may think’ - Vanevar bush’s ‘memex’ 1945 - When media becomes interactive - Happens in real time - Participating in the making of it Late 20-early 21st: - As the era of ‘hypermediacy’ (Bolter and Grusin) - Hypermediacy- the way in which all these media channels are flattened out and presented in one platform, it's all immediate real time Week 2: Media of Early Civilization Author

Topic/Technolo gy

Dates

Ideas/ Concepts/Issues

Harold Innis

Space and time bias

-

Papyrus Clay Cuneiform

Ascher and Ascher

Incas and the Quipu

-

Example of Innis’ space-biased

Charles Sanders Peirce

Indecies, Icons and symbols

-

Icons- look like the thing they represent :) Indecies- have a direct relationship with the thing they represent (smoke=fire) Symbols- have no relationship to the thing they represent (entirely culturally constructed) (red hexagon)

-

Robinson

The Origin of writing

-

Marshall McLuhan

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Outline some of the issues between earlier 3D accounting and the later development of 2D systems Linkages between written and spoken language

-

“Medium is the message”

Week 3: Western Literacy Author

Havelock

Topic/Technolo gy Greek alphabet

Dates

700 BCE

Ideas/ Concepts/Issues

-

“the alphabet allowed for novel though” (frees up space in your mind to do new things, no longer need to memorize)

Logan

-

separation of knower from the knowledge Shows how systems for writing and abstract numerals evolves from

Ong

-

Oral and literal worlds Believes without writing, the literate mind would not and could not think as it does How is writing a technology?

Burke and Ornstein

-

Culture and communication during the middle ages Linkages between written and spoken language They believed that print was the major cultural/technological transformation in the history of the west

Week 4: The Print Revolution Author

Mumford

Topic/Technolo gy Vernacular, Printing press,

Dates

Ideas/ Concepts/Issues

-

Argues the production of written text has become mechanized he says the loss of a

paper

Graff

-

Stephens

16-17 C.

-

scribe was “reasonable price to pay” for increased access to books made possible by print Art and technics Protestant reformation Explains how printing influenced the protestant reformation (did not cause but facilitated) How the printed book affected literacy education and religion (standardization) Sensationalism

Week 6: Electricity and the Wired World Author

Topic/Technolo gy

Dates

Ideas/ Concepts/Issues

James W. Carey

Telegraph

1830’s/40’s

-

“The simplest and most important point about the telegraph is that it marked and the decisive separation of ‘transportation’ and ‘communication”

Michael Schudson

Journalism

2nd half of 19th century

-

-

Mass production of text Information Press ( NY Times, geared to business/law, factual) vs. Entertainment Press (tabloids, sensationalism, heavy illustrations) Competition

Claude S. Fischer

Telephone

1870’s

-

Alexander G. Bell Bell Company Switch to residential service (in homes)

Rosalynd Williams

World Fairs/Expositions

1850’s-1900’s

-

“Dream Worlds” Mass consumption/consumerism Department Stores Entertainment

Week 5: Image Technologies and Mass Society Author

Topic/Technolo gy

Dates

Keller Daniel Czitrom

Ideas/ Concepts/Issues

Cinema/Film

Late 1800’s

-

Nickelodeons Movie-going Working class/immigrants

Week 6: Radio and The Wireless World Author

Topic/Technolo gy

Dates

John Durham

Radio/Broadcasti

1920’s-30’s

Ideas/ Concepts/Issues

-

Properties of the radio

Peters

ng

Susan J. Douglas

Radio/Broadcasti ng

1920’s-30’s

-

What people thought

-

“The golden age” Transition from the popular hobby to major mass in medium Access to entertainment and shift in popular culture

-

Paul Heyer

Radio Programming

1930’s

-

Orson Welles’s 1938 War of the worlds “Fake news”

Peter Fornatale & Joshua E. Mills

Radio vs. Television

1930’s-50’s

-

Continued success of radio during T.V ride National network to local radio programming Portable radios/DJ’s

Week 7: Television Author

Topic/Technolo gy

Dates

Boddy

Television

1950’s

Idea/Concepts/Issues

-

Carpenter

Television

1950’s

-

-

Television culture emerged post war Manufacturing industry “Home-centred”, evenings and weekends with TV Tech = centre of social life Collaborated with McLuhan (explorations) “A medium constructs its message as much through its form as through specific content” Media = never neutral; “the bias of communication” (each media has its own distinct shape it gives to a story Links media to languages

Spiegel

Television

1950’s

-

Social impact of TV domestic /suburban life (post-war patterns of consumption) = mirrored in programs

Butsch

Television

1950’s

-

Criticism of TV “Boob tube” “couch potato” Addiction, social ramifications/consequences Role of social class, education, etc.

Week 8: New Media Author

Topic/Technolo gy

Dates

Ideas/ Concepts/Issues

Abbate

Internet

1970’s

-

World wide web Hypertext

Bolter and Grusin

World Wide Web

1990’s

-

Hyper mediacy remediation

Marwick

Web 2.0

Late 1990’searly 200’s

-

Standage

New vs.Old Media

-

Discusses that money, power and privilege have provided powerful countervailing tendencies Considers the discourse which surrounded the development of “Web 2.0” We are wrong to believe that there has never been things like social media, like Twitter and Facebook. He demonstrates how much social media and blogs are like pamphlets and coffee houses for example.

Week 8: New Media 1. Digital technology 1. Purdue food delivery 2. Military- industrial complex 1. Technologies and comm networks created with a double edged sword 2. Developed to analyte large segments of the population 3. Remediation and hypermediacy

Important names Jacquard Loom Charles Babbage- Analytical Engine 1834 Alan Turing Vannevar Bush (memex) Jay Forrester (Project Whirlwind)- A five-digit multiplier as part of project whirlwind (flight simulator) George Valley Douglas Engelbart (NLS Demo)- working out of military complex NLS - on line system Paul Baran SAGE (Semi-Automatic Ground Environment)- SAGE Station C 1961 ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency) Augmentation Research Center (ARC)A memex is a device in which an individual stores all his books, records and communications, and which is mechanized so that it may be consulted with exceeding speed and flexibility, it is an enlarged intimate supplement to his memory- Vannevar Bush Paul Baran distributed network " as a communication network which will allow several hundred major communications stations to talk with one another after an enemy attack - 1950s - Radio, telegraph, telephone- centralized - Quipu- centralized and decentralized Remediation- borrows from and refashions old media EX- Netflix mirrors TV and film

Netflix changes the previous inadequacy like commercials and access to it EX- Texting and calling Hypermediacy- remediation on steroids, it stresses real-time and interactivity Innis- media can never truly be neutral, it gives shape to the form that information and knowledge take in society and to the ways in which it circulates - And every society shapes within limits to the media they develop Computers: - Got their start in large organizations, aiding administration, scientific research and the military - With the emergence of the person computer and individual working at home now had access to information that previously been the sole preserve of large institutions - Mainly impacted how we access information,rather than going to the library we can just google it The world wide web: - Permitted an expanding range of administrative uses, research, education, public expression, art, social activity and commerce

Mobile phone: - Most of us carry around a highly sophisticated computer with us everywhere we go In order to understand the implication of these developments we can draw upton insights from past media revolutions. - New media bypasses barriers already encountered by older media BYPASS EFFECT - EX. print helped democratize the reading public, lessened the control over literacy exercised by scribes and religious orders - Promotion of electronic communications in the 20th C. such as broadcasting, led researchers to bypass the book and the newspaper - Going from memory based math → calculators ties in Walter Ong's theory of “artificial aid” - Encyclopedia and dictionaries to help standardize systems for knowledge how now turned into google Military- industrial complex The movement of military, industrial and commercial information - Computer = telegraph (wired world) - Linking of computer based stock markets and currency exchanges recalls the telegraphs role in transforming the commodity price and marketing system of a century ago - Railway traffic regulation depended on telegraphy, which is tightly linked to the dependence air traffic and inventory controls have on the computer

Military-industrial complex, network of individuals and institutions involved in the production of weapons and military technologies. The military-industrial complex in a country typically attempts to marshal political support for continued or increased military spending by the national government. - Threat of total annihilation (nuclear threat) - Big economic boom after war - From war campaign - Also a lot of immigrants came to the USA from Europe - Realized defense system could cover 30% of its population if came under attack - This problem lead to nuclear research and study Context- as film emerges with celebrity context - Digital emerge from military industrial complex - Think about ways to collaborate together and build robust and missile defense systems to annihilate enemy

Abbate: Internet- enables new forms of human action and expression, but also disables others - The internet is the product of many players and is a tale of collaboration and conflict worthy of shakespearean drama - The development of the internet grew from powerful synergies that transcend borders, boundaries, and barriers placed in the way of its development ARPANET- experimental computer network that was the forerunner of the Internet. The Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), an arm of the U.S. Defense Department, funded the development of the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) in the late 1960s. Its initial purpose was to link computers at Pentagon-funded research institutions over telephone lines. CERN- was one of the world's leading sites for computer networking -

At first networks outside of the US had few links to the internet while it was under military control - By 1990 there were 250 non-US networks attached to NSFNET The other industrialized nation addressed networking different than the US, in the US: - The federal government operated military and research networks, but public network services were provided on a commercial basis In other countries: - The public networks were government run so network decisions involved overtly political maneuvers as well as business considerations Barriers in expanding the internet: 1. Incompatibilities among network systems 2. The native language being english because it originated in the US 3. Global disparities in the telecommunications infrastructure that underlies network access

a. The unequal distribution of wealth among nations will continue to shape the internets worldwide roll b. It might have overcome geographic distance, but it cannot simply erase political or social differences 1980s’s the internet infrastructure grew a lot, but: 1. network applications lagged behind (email and file transfer were still the most common activities) a. Most programs were not user friendly 2. Difficulty of locating and retrieving online information a. They needed a directory, but the size on the internet would have made maintaining it impossible In the early 1990’s, new services made it easier to locate documents on the internet - EX Gopher system, which allowed user to organize their information in a hierarchy of related topics, users could now select files from a menu without having to know the name - EX Wide area information server (WAIS), this allowed people to type in a key word and find any documents that contain that word These systems took a step in organizing information by content rather than location. 3. There was no way to link information, no one program could handle mail, gopher, WAIS and ftp All these issues were fixed by THE WORLD WIDE WEB The world wide web Changed people's perception of the internet, instead of being seen a research tool or a conduit for messages between people, the network took on new roles as an entertainment medium, a shop window (online shopping) and a vehicle for representing one's personal to the world (social media) The first incarnation of the web: - Invented by Tim Lee, Robert Cailliau and others at CERN - They envisioned system that made it easy to create and share multimedia data - Ted Nelson introduced “hypertext”, which would make it possible to link pieces of information rather than having to present the information in a linear way. *link files located on computers around the world*- world wide web - The webs use of hypertext drastically changes the look and feel of using the internet, it included text, images, audio and video Creating of the hypertext: 1. Create a shared format for hypertext documents, which they called hypertext markup language (HTML) 2. Then designed the hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) to guide the exchange of information between web browsers and web servers 3. Created the uniform resource labour (URL) to enable browsers and servers to locate information on the web

The web depended on the power of the user. The time and energy that users had invested in learning to use their personal computers would make it easier for them to acquire the skills needed to access the web

Bolter and Grusin The internet remediates the telegraph: - Prior to the world wide web, the services of the internet (email and simple file transfer) refashioned alphabetic media (books, letter, technical report) - Internet had to rely on speed of communication, because it could not offer the range of materials available in print 1993- the first graphical browser - Allowed images to appear along with text on the page, which had 2 consequences: 1. The web begam to engage a much larger audience of users (alot of researchers and academics) 2. The world wide web could now refashion a larger class of earlier media a. Magazine/newspaper → internet magazines b. Web designs now became similar to graphic design for print Graphic designers focussed on visual perfection, compared to the programmers who focussed on user control and customization - While it was clear that the web couldn't beat print in precision, the web was favoured in speed of delivery and point-and-click interactivity **** the web became an increasingly important remediator for all sorts of printed information**** Then moved into animation, fuller interactivity, digital video and audio, which was refashioning CD, DVD, Radio, Film and Television. Remediation strategies can be respectful to radical. The most vulnerable are the commons media such as printed book, static graphics, paintings and photographs. Michael Hart, has called the computer a replicator technology, because it can produce texts infinitely and without adding errors. Respectful examples: - Virtual museums and art galleries - Library of congress online- which p...