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FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE HUMANITIES II S2019 Terms: UNIT 1: Manorialism -economy of the middle ages-agriculture, land distribution Bipartite estate -mutual agreement, two parts Guild -merchants with power-controlled the market for a town Scholasticism -theology and philosophy taught at universities St. Thomas Aquinas -scholar that did much research on what it takes to make people happy Virtue -behavior showing high moral standards Chaucer -wrote the canterbury tales Vernacular -dialect spoken by reg people in a region Yersinia pestis -anaerobic organism that infects people via fleas Bubonic plague -most common form of human plague-fever, delirium, and formation of buboes Pneumonic plague -all of the bubonic symptoms and lungs Septicemic plague -same symptoms but infection via blood-quick death Buboes -swollen/inflamed lymph node The three living and the three dead -a tale of young boys meeting old men Transi -intricate tomb honoring the person Flagellants -people who subject themselves to flogging-religious discipline Vowess -woman who took a religious vow of chastity Chaste Marriage -marriage where man and wife never engage in sexual activity Troubadours/ Trobairitz -poets/musicians of knightly rank-theme of courtly love Courtly Love - knight and noblewoman that is passionate-unconsummated typically Cuckhold -man who’s wife is unfaithful Banns -notice read on sundays in church-announcing an intended marriage to see if there are any objections Fornication -sexual intercourse that occurs outside of marriage Chivalry -knightly social and moral code-noble Felony -serious crime typically involving violence Pope Boniface VIII- pope that was ‘corrupt’ and placed the unam sanctam in place Philip the Fair -king of france, Unam Sanctam stated that the king had to abide by the pope, fought back-placing different pope-church submits to the french and falls into babylonian captivity Unam Sanctam -the papal unam sanctam was issued by pope boniface VII to enforce unity of the church-eternal life, pope as authority Babylonian Captivity -papacy were all french and stayed in avignon, Gregory moved it to rome, moved back to avignon-church reform Annates -payment to get your position as an ordaning authority

Benefices -permanent church with provided income and property for the pastoral duties Indulgences -buy them to save you from your sins and keep yourself and loved ones out of purgatory Dispensations -exemption from a rule, law, or requirement Pluralism -multiple offices/church benefices being held Absenteeism - habitual failure to show up Purgatory -space between heaven and earth where you wait til you have enough merit to move on Merit- claim to heaven, “how good are you” Pardoners -a person licensed to sell papal pardons or indulgences. Summoners -calls people to go to court for their spiritual crimes, causing them to be excommunicated Pope Martin V -election ended the western schism, pope until his death Conciliar Movement- christian reform movement in the 14th and 15th centuries in the catholic church-church not doing what it was supposed to be doing Council of Constance -council recognized by catholic church holding power to appoint popes Defensor Pacis -laid the foundation for the doctrines of sovereignty Piety - belief or point of view that is accepted without thinking John Wycliffe -founder of the lollards, translated the bible into english so all could read it Lollards -the followers of John Wycliffe, English translation of the bible, both male and females can preach Jan Hus -leader of the hussites-burned to death Hussites -member of John Hus religious movement, share wine and bread, had to practice it underground, did fight bloody battles St. Wilgefortis -female saint of virginity/purity that had a beard and was crucified St. Thomas Becket - english saint that was archbishop of canterbury Reliquary -a container holding holy relics (bones of saints, etc.) Beguines and Beghards -female and male of the personal piety belief Treaty of Paris 1259 -between Louis IX and Henry III claimed territories and prevented further war over land till the 100 year war Aquitaine -Region owned by england but controlled by france that the 100 year war was fought over Hundred Years’ War -War that lasted 100 years between france and england during the 14th century Chevauchee -Raiding method in medieval warfare used to weaken the enemy by burning and pillaging enemy territory to reduce productivity of the region Avignon papacy -period of 7, french popes Hundred years war -england and france at war for a lil’ over 100 years ottoman turks -former turkish empire that collapsed after WWI

black death -plague that killed ⅓ of the population inquisition -an ecclesiastical tribunal established by Pope Gregory IX c. 1232 for the suppression of heresy. It was active chiefly in northern Italy and southern France, becoming notorious for the use of torture. In 1542 the papal Inquisition was re-established to combat Protestantism, eventually becoming an organ of papal government. parliament -(in the UK) the highest legislature, consisting of the sovereign, the House of Lords, and the House of Commons. janissaries -a member of the sultans guard; turkish infantry rumi -muhammad diet -is a formal deliberative assembly english peasants revolt-caused by the imposition of an unpopular poll tax: it lasted less than a month and failed as a social revolution. (1381) sultan -muslim sovereign magna carta -a document constituting a fundamental guarantee of rights and privileges to english nobleman estates general -the legislative body in France until 1789, representing the three estates of the realm (i.e., the clergy, the nobility, and the commons). Mehmed II -the conqueror; turkish sultan; founder of ottoman empire Tamerland -was a Central Asian ruler and warlord who lived in the 14th and 15th centuries. Genghis Khan -joined with the Mongol tribes and started the Mongol Empire “universe leader” Mendicant orders -certain Christian religious orders that have adopted a lifestyle of poverty, traveling, and living in urban areas for purposes of preaching, evangelization, and ministry, especially to the poor. Mongols -mongolian people

Unit 2: Anabaptists: a Protestant sectarian of a radical movement arising in the 16th century and advocating the baptism and church membership of adult believers only Catholic Reformation/ Counter-Reformation: the period of Catholic resurgence initiated in response to the Protestant Reformation, beginning with the Council of Trent (1545–1563) Christian Humanism: humanist principles like universal human dignity and individual freedom and the primacy of human happiness as essential and principal components of the teachings of Jesus, and explicitly emerged during the Renaissance with strong roots in the patristic period. Council of Trent: 1545 and 1563 in Trent, was the 19th ecumenical council of the Catholic Church. Prompted by the Protestant Reformation Erasmus: Dutch scholar-Christian Humanist German Peasants’ Revolt: was a widespread popular revolt in some German-speaking areas in Central Europe from 1524 to 1525 Humanism: an outlook or system of thought attaching prime importance to human rather than divine or supernatural matters. Humanist beliefs stress the potential value and goodness of human beings, emphasize common human needs, and seek solely rational ways of solving human problems. Indulgences: an indulgence is "a way to reduce the amount of punishment one has to undergo for sins". Jesuits: a member of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic order of priests founded by St. Ignatius Loyola, St. Francis Xavier, and others in 1534, to do missionary work. John Calvin: French theologian and reformer in Switzerland: leader in the Protestant Reformation Justification by Faith alone: the belief that humans are saved by grace through faith in Jesus Martin Luther: the theologen that started the reformation of the catholic church Ninety-Five Theses (by ML): the theses that were pinned on the catholic church door suggesting all the things it was doing wrong by Luther’s students - Luther wanted the people to think about the propositions he suggested in the document; he didn’t agree with the church and therefore penned his thoughts for people to debate and think about. Ex: indulgences; wealth; etc Predestination: the driving belief behind John Calvin that suggested no matter what one does on earth they already are set to go to heaven or to hell Protestant Reformation: the changing in the catholic church system in adaptation to Luther’s 95 theses Chiaroscuro: use of light and dark in painting Perspective: use of geometric lines to give illusion of depth and space

Cesare Borgia: Italian cardinal and military leader; model for Machiavelli's prince Peace of Lodi: a peace agreement between Milan, Naples, and Florence ending a war Lorenzo di Medici: an Italian statesman, de facto ruler of the Florentine Republic and the most powerful and enthusiastic patron of Renaissance culture in Italy; his family controlled the government and hired people to build beautiful sculptures and other things in Italy Savonarola: an Italian Dominican friar and preacher active in Renaissance Florence; he saw the Medici family’s focus during the Renaissance (which was materialistic wealth and beauty) and wanted the society to go back to Christian teachings Soderini: also known as PierSoderini, was an Italian statesman of the Republic of Florence Office of the Night: was an office, apart of the church, that would invite citizens to denounce, anonymously, any local male who was engaging in sodomy Courtesans: A courtesan, in modern usage, is a euphemism meaning a escort, mistress or a prostitute, for whom the art of dignified etiquette is the means of attracting wealthy, powerful, or influential clients. The term originally meant a courtier, a person who attends the court of a monarch or other powerful person. Desiderius Erasmus: Dutch Christian humanist; known for In Praise of Folly Martin Luther: was a theologist and monk; came to reject Catholic teachings; 95 Theses Sola fide: justification by faith Sola Scriptura: primacy of Scripture Priesthood of all Believers: all are spiritually equal; no distinctions Diet of Worms: a “diet” (assembly) called by King Charles V where Luther answered charges to heresy Catherine of Aragon: first Queen of England married to King Henry VIII before divorce; didn’t bear a son Anne Boleyn: second Queen of England married to King Henry VIII Pilgrimage of Grace: is the title given to a widespread revolt against the rule of Henry VIII. The Pilgrimage of Grace started in late 1536 and finished in early 1537 1534 Parliamentary Act of Supremacy: acknowledged King Henry VIII as supreme head of the church; recognized his marriage with Anne Boleyn Diaspora: a forced displacement of people from their homeland Manumission: many people who were slaves were manumitted, meaning released from conditions of their enslavement (free); an expectation that at some point in their life, a slave would be freed Schiavo: slave Ethiops/Etiope: female and male derogatory term for ethiopian

Usury: lending money and interest; Jews were not allowed to own property St. Teresa of Avila: nun and nunnery reformist-started discalced carmelites Discalced Carmelites: reformed carmelites- “barefoot” benefit of being in poverty-closer to god, stay in nunnery focus on spirituality within community Ignatius of Loyola: started of the jesuits, kinda cultish, fun by pope, first missionaries Tridentine Catholicism: Roman Catholic Church council held at Trent from 1545 to 1563 or its decrees.-the reformed church by pope paul III Pope Paul III: started catholic reform, started the council that led to “grace then works” Index of Forbidden Books: books that would make believers, tempted, impure, or unholy

Unit 3: Caravaggio’s Entombment - (on the right) communicates doctrine of transubstantiation (ideology that bread and wine transformed into actual body and blood). Looks like Jesus’ body is being held over an altar. Painted during time when Catholic church would use artwork and paintings to tell story and reinforce ideas of using images to show faith Une roi, Une foi, Une loi (One king, One faith, One law) - during Louis XIV’s reign, this was his goal; he achieved this by limiting the powers of others and united the French religion Catherine de Medici - married to Henry II and was Queen of France Politiques - rulers who put political necessities above personal beliefs St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre - a massacre on day of Margaret and Henry’s wedding resulting in death of thousands of Huguenots War of the three Henrys - Henry of Guise, Henry III of France, Henry of Navarre all fighting for French throne; Henry of Navarre won Henry of Navarre/Henry IV - Bourbon family; converted to Catholicism Edict of Nantes 1598 - decree by Henry IV in 1598 that guaranteed religious freedom, with certain restrictions, throughout France Iconoclasm - destroying imagery, buildings, glass windows, paintings, etc. Council of Blood - Spanish council under King Philip that would try and execute Protestants Spanish Netherlands - ruled by a Dutch woman leader under King Philip II ?? Union of Utrecht - Northern provinces that wanted to break away from Philip to pursue Protestantism; allied with England Spanish Armada - 130 Spanish vessels sent to take back Netherlands under Philip II who wanted to sail through English Channel to take out England on the way; the ships didn’t do well in choppy English Channel water so only 60 Spanish ships made it back Potosi - in Peru and where silver is mined for Piece of Eights Piece of Eight - Spanish currency (also global currency by 1600s); made from silver from a mine in Potosi (Peru) Inter Caetera Divinai - Papal bull that said Catholic Church had supreme authority Requerimento - provided justification that for the ill treatment of indigenous people; this had to be read to the natives when people took over their lands to spread Catholicism Francisco de Vitoria - Spanish roman catholic philosopher; found tradition of philosophy called school of salamanca “Natural magic” - Natural magic so defined thus includes astrology, alchemy, and disciplines that we would today consider fields of natural science, such as astronomy and chemistry

Alchemy - type of magic, based on idea of converting metals to gold Geocentrism - belief that the earth was the center of the universe Heliocentrism - belief that the sun was the center of the universe Impetus - a force preceding inertia that caused like objects to attract each other Inertia - an object in motion tends to stay in motion unless acted upon by a force as does an object at rest Inductive reasoning - reasoning that begins with an observation, then leads you to hypothesis or theory; making broad generalizations from specific observations Deductive reasoning - reasoning that begins with a theory or hypothesis that is then proven through observation; creating specific ideas from one generalized observation Cogito ergo sum - “I think, therefore I am” Pascal - wrote the Pensees which was his thoughts and critiques of scientific reasoning Margaret Cavendish - England’s first recognized woman natural philosopher; argued strongly for education of women and their involvement in science The Royal Society - started from groups of physicians and natural philosophers; basically a boy’s club for scientific minds Philosophical Transactions - scientific journal published by Royal Society; was a private venture of Royal Society’s secretary Sovereignty - supreme power or authority within one’s borders Absolutism - type of rule based on absolute authority of king Versailles - palace developed by King Louis XIV; was like a city in itself and supported the “Theater of the Monarch” Intendants - responsible for admin in provinces in France; appointed by Louis XIV; basically tax collectors Mercantilism - self-sufficiency (tariffs, state industry) like making glass in France rather than importing them; growing their wealth inside the nation to be self-sufficient JB Colbert - Louis XIV’s financial advisor; implemented systems to improve France’s financial state under absolutist rule; eliminated tax farming; went from collecting 25% of taxes to 88%; mercantilism Louis XIV “The Sun King” - famous for his success at strengthening the institutions of the French absolutist state Hereditary subjugation - peasants that are bound through family ties. EX: a lord has a peasant, she has a kids and that kid is also bound to that lord through hereditary subjugation Junkers - gave monarch unlimited power to avoid taxation and received peasants and land Military commissariat - military administrative agency; executes plans for military mobilization and maintains military records 1685 Edict of Potsdam - allowed evicted Huguenots from France to come to Prussia

Duma - legislative body of Russia Streltsy - units of Russian firearm infantry Philosophes - French term for Enlightenment thinkers Salons - gatherings of intellects to discuss philosophy Social contract - contract everyone enters upon birth with their government; government agrees to protect them in exchange for allowing the government control Civic virtue - doing what’s right for one’s community, not just themselves Laissez faire - economy with no government interference Superstition - excessive desire to control nature around yourself by performing sacred “acts” Enthusiasm - excessive desire to perform in one’s religion, typically leading to violence and murder Enlightened despotism - people have power over subjects but believe there should be a more enlightened society Bastille - prison that people went in order to get guns October Marches - women marched in order to find stability and answers in France

On the exam, you will also be asked to: 1) Consider how particular works of art (images and music) reveal the historical context with which they are associated. -

Allegory of the outbreak of war by Rubens - Mars and venus - Despite love great attempts war does not stop - Here is what happens to grieving europe when war makes itself known - Responding to wars of religion (30 years war & century of bloodshed)

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St. Francis Altarpiece by Berlinghieri - Made during the Renaissance because it is very flat, no depth, not realistic, and lacks individual expression - Pre-Renaissance work of art

-Ecstasy of St. Teresa by Bernini -

Depiction of a vision she experienced Embodied expression of spiritual truth Theatrical- groups of protestants are clashing with groups of catholics Baroque-Evoke deep emotions

-Allegory of Law and Grace by Lucas Cranach -

Protestant propaganda “Sola Fide”

Madonna of Pesaro Family by Titan -

Peter is important because… Church is intermediary between earth and heavenly realm Place this in Renaissance period because there is a lot of depth, shading, 3D, and unique face (attention to detail, individualism, secularism)

-Statue of David by Michelangelo - David is symbol of Florence - Direct @ the Medici family - Very large - Florence pushed the Medici out and are celebrating

2) Examine the historical relationships between events and people by arranging them chronologically (Specific dates will not be required but you should be able to think about who/what comes before or after someone/something else) 1.) Black Plague - kills for several years 2.) Council of Constance - the competing popes

3.) Council of Trent - the reformation (Martin Luther) 4.) October Marches - women march to Versailles and kill queen

1.) 2.) 3.) 4.)

Unam Sanctam - No power above the power of the church Inter Caetera Divinai - 1492, documents declaring the right to spread catholicism 95 Thesis - 1493, initiating the protestant reformation (Martin Luther) Edict of Potsdam - told protestants to come to Prussia when kicked out of France

1.) 2.) 3.) 4.)

Aquinas - “the good life” Copernicus - heliocentric theory Newton - 3 laws of motion Adam Smith - opposed mercantilism, supported “invisible hand of the government”\

1.) 2.) 3.) 4.)

Joan of Arc - lead the French t...