Developmental psychology journal-1 PDF

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Developmental Psychology Journal To maintain Academic Integrity and maximize your learning, each response should be written in complete sentences and in your own words. Please do not copy and paste from the textbook or another source. *Questions in bold are frequently tested concepts on the AP Exam.

Module 45 (45–1.1) Provide a brief summary of the 3 major issues examined in developmental psychology. Issue Summary Nature & Nurture argument over the explanation of individual personalities Continuity & Stages two major theories about how people develop Stability & Change humans get used to the environment they are in and change can be hard (45–2.1) Describe each stage of prenatal development. Stage Description Zygote fertilized egg cell containing 46 chromosomes Embryo organism in the early prenatal stage Fetus organism during the longest stage of prenatal development (45–2.2) Explain the research that has been conducted relating to newborn preferences to voice and language. (45–2.3) What is a teratogen? chemical that can cause harm to the prenatal enviornment (45–2.4) Describe fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). abnormalities of the child resulting from drinking alcohol during pregnancy (45–2.5) What long term problems can arise when a fetus is exposed to prenatal smoking and prolonged stress? Turner's syndrome (45–3.2) Define habituation and give an original example. Definition: Original example: the diminishing of a physiological or a new sound in your environment emotional response to a frequently repeated stimulus.

Module 46 (46–1.1) Explain how nature and nurture influence maturation. growth of a person, physically, mentally, and emotionally (46–1.2) Summarize brain development that occurs from birth to early childhood. Starting from birth, children develop brain connections through their everyday experiences (46–1.3) Explain the progression of motor development during infancy and childhood. babies begin developing motor skills from the center of the body outward and from head to tail (46–2.1) What is infantile amnesia? is the inability of adults to retrieve episodic memories

Module 47 (47–1.1) What inspired Piaget’s work in childhood cognition? he worked as an assistant to Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon as they worked to standardize their famous IQ test (47–1.2) Explain the concepts of schema, assimilation, and accommodation. Give an original example of each one.* Concept Explanation Original Example Schema thought process used to schemes and planning to solve problems solve some sort of interesting situation Assimilation you need to learn easier learning new information and applying it to what skills before moving on you already know Accommodation

Knowing multiplication to adapt one's current understandings to before learning how to incorporate new info divide (47–1.3) Use the provided organizer to summarize Piaget’s cognitive development theory.* Stage Summary Related Vocab (explained) & Example Sensorimotor babies touching and infant uses senses to putting objects in their interact with eviornment mouths touching and tasting Preoperational between the ages of two preschooler uses language and speaking to and 7 explore

Concrete operational

child becomes capable of logical thought process, but not abstract thinking

Formal operational

adolescent become capable of abstract thinking

finding a way to someone's house using shortcuts is harder than taking main streets all of my high school math classes required abstract thinking

Module 48 (48–1.1) Explain stranger anxiety. Create an original example to demonstrate this happening. distress felt by babies when someone foreign holds them (48–1.2) What inspired Harlow’s research on attachment? relationship between the child and caregiver (48–1.4) The Harlow experiment was conducted in the 1950s before ethical guidelines were established for research with animals. Based on what you have learned, would this experiment be approved now? Defend your answer.

(48–1.5) What is the critical period?specific stages where development must be healthy or the individual may not develop correctly (48–1.6) Summarize the research of Conrad Lorenz and the process of imprinting.* process where certain mammals form attachments in the early stages of life (48–1.7) How are humans different from baby animals when it comes to imprinting? we care for our offspring more (48–2.1) Describe Ainsworth’s Strange Situation experiment.* Procedure Findings From her study, Ainsworth identified observe attachment security in three types of attachment behaviour children within the context of shown in the infants: caregiver relationship (48–2.2) How did Ainsworth’s research relate to Harlow’s research? attachment (48–2.3) Explain the relationship between temperament, genetics, and attachment styles. (48–2.4) Characterize each temperament style. Difficult Easy loud, needy, cries a lot (48–2.5) What evidence exists to support the idea that temperament persists from childhood to adulthood? if i child is taught they can misbehave they ill continue to in adulthood (48–2.6) Explain Erikson’s concept of basic trust and how it is created.* This stage begins at birth and lasts through one year of age (48–2.7) Distinguish between anxious and avoidant attachment.* avoidant attachmentsinfants do not become distressed as parents leave or become happy among their return Style Description Reaction to their child getting home late for curfew? Authoritarian strict parents; expect strict very mad prob will punish obedience and punishments them are applied for rule breaking Permissive doesn't care bot punished do not set clear guidelines, give into childs desires, do not punish children for wrong-doings Negligent don't nourish their children they will not have a curfew Authoritative standards are set, rules and also mad but they will understand expectations are explained, encourage independence, allow expectations to rules (48–5.3) Summarize the various influences culture has on raising children. tv and movies (48–6.1) For each outcome suggested in the “Parenting Styles” graphic, create a competing idea to challenge the belief. children of Authoritarian parents will not trust their parents

Module 49

(49–1.1) Explain the difference between sex and gender. gender-psychological aspects of being male or female, sex- assigned at birth (49–2.1) Summarize the gender differences presented in the reading. Females Males

y chromosome sex chromosomes only males have one of 2 sex chromosomes on humans y chromosome contains between 70 and 200 genes x chromosome sex chromosome in both males and females; males have 1 and females have 2 (49–2.2) How do men and women differ in use of aggression? women are less aggressive than men (49–2.3) Explain what Carol Gilligan suggested about gender differences and social relationships. Gilligan suggests that these findings reveal a gender bias, not that females are less mature than boys. (49–4.3) Define gender identity and explain how social learning theory and gender typing suggest it is formed. Gender Identity Social Learning Gender Typing Theory

(49–4.4) What is meant by androgyny? attributional term used to describe an individual who possesses similar (high) levels of stereotypical “feminine” and “masculine” psychological attributes or characteristics (49–4.5) Explain gender expression. the way in which a person expresses their gender identity, typically through their appearance, dress, and behavior.

Module 53 (53–1.1) Explain how your biological sex was determined. chromosomes

(53–1.2) What is the difference between primary and secondary sex characteristics? Primary sex characteristics refer to changes to the sexual organs themselves (uterus, vagina, penis, and testes). Secondary sex characteristics refer to other visible changes that mark adult maturation such as changes in height and body shape. (53–1.3) Identify important terms related to the pubertal landmarks of boys and girls. including breast, penis, and pubic hair (53–2.1) According to the CDC, which population is at a higher risk for contracting an STD or STI? teens and young adults (53–3.1) Complete the organizer with information pertaining to teen sexual behavior and restraint. Contribute to Sexual Behavior Contribute to Sexual Restraint

(53–4.1) How is sexual orientation defined? a person's identity in relation to the gender or genders to which they are sexually attracted (53–4.2) What social and cultural issues can arise for a person that identifies as homosexual or bisexual? homophobia and biphobia (53–4.3) What environmental factors have been linked to influencing sexual orientation? hormones (53–4.4) Summarize the research on biology and sexual orientation for each of the topics in the organizer. Topic Summary Same-sex attraction in other species not just humans can be homosexual other species Brain differences structural differences in the hypothalamus in relation to biological sex and sexual orientation Genetic influences Multiple genes have been found to play a role in sexual orientation Prenatal influences hormones

Module 52 (52–1.1) How is identity explained? (52–1.2) Reflecting on the idea of identity, do you have different versions of yourself based on various situations? Please elaborate, if you feel comfortable. (52–1.3) What is a social identity? (52–1.4) Complete the provided organizer with information about Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development. Issue Summary (in your own Task to Encourage words) Positive Resolution Trust vs. Mistrust Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt

Initiative vs. Guilt Competence vs. Inferiority Identity vs. Role Confusion Intimacy vs. Isolation Generativity vs. Stagnation Integrity vs. Despair (52–2.1) What is the source of most parent-child arguments? (52–2.2) What correlations are found between parent and child relations? (52–2.3) What conclusions have been made regarding social media and teen behavior? Have you observed this in yourself or your peers? (52–2.4) Identify parent (A) or peer (B) as the primary influence during adolescence on the provided topics. ● Talk/slang _____ ● College & career choices _____ ● Religion _____ ● Clothing _____ ● Political views _____ (52–2.5) Describe emerging adulthood.

Module 54 (54–1.1) Summarize the physical changes that occur in middle adulthood. Changes in Women Changes in Both Changes in Men Only Only

(54–1.2) Explain some of the physical changes that occur in various areas during late adulthood. Change Explanation Life expectancy Sensory abilities, strength, stamina Health Aging brain Exercise & aging (54–2.1) Summarize the research findings that identify memory changes related to aging. (54–2.2) What conclusions have been made about the effectiveness of “brain training” apps and games? (54–3.1) What are some of the causes of neurocognitive disorder (dementia)? (54–3.2) How does Alzheimer’s differ from neurocognitive disorder? (54–3.3) Describe the brain abnormalities associated with Alzheimer’s disease?

(54–4.1) Summarize the social developmental changes that occur in adulthood. Stages of Adulthood Commitments

(54–5.1) How does our perception of well-being change across the life span? (54–5.2) What conclusions have been drawn about grieving that conflict with popular beliefs?...