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DISSERTATION ON HIGH-RISE HOUSING Submitted by: SANDI PRASHANTH REDDY Scholar no- 101110117 Guided by- Prof. Manmohan Kapshe MAULANA AZAD NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BHOPAL MARCH 2014 Page | 1 MAULANA AZAD NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BHOPAL DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING Declar...

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DISSERTATION ON HIGH-RISE HOUSING

Submitted by: SANDI PRASHANTH REDDY Scholar no- 101110117 Guided by- Prof. Manmohan Kapshe

MAULANA AZAD NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BHOPAL MARCH 2014

Page | 1

MAULANA AZAD NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BHOPAL DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING

Declaration

This Dissertation in subject AR 426, entitled “The Role of Landscape in Controlling Microclimate”, is being submitted as part of requirement for eighth semester of Bachelor of Architecture by the undersigned for evaluation. The matter embodied in this dissertation is either my own work or compilation of others‟ work, acknowledged properly. If, in future, it is found that the above statement is false, then I have no objection in withdrawal of my Dissertation and any other action taken by the Institute.

Date: 5 – 05 - 2014

Sandi Prashanth Reddy Sch. No. - 101110117

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Acknowledgement

I would like to gratefully and sincerely thank Dr. Manmohan Kapshe for his guidance, understanding, patience, and most importantly, his friendship during my dissertation research study. He encouraged me to grow as an instructor and an independent thinker. I am not sure many graduate students are given the opportunity to develop their own individuality and self-sufficiency by being allowed to work with such independence. The writing of this dissertation has been one of the most significant academic challenges I have ever taken. Though the following dissertation is an individual work, I could never have reached the heights or explored the depths without the help of books published by various authors, the e-books available on the internet, the research papers published by various authors and the various organizations and websites providing information related to my dissertation topic. My very special thanks to my colleagues for their support and suggestions for my research and all the other respective sources for helping me.

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Table of contents Declaration

i

Acknowledgement

ii

Table of contents

iii

Table of figures

vi

Chapter - 1

Introduction ...................................................................................................... 1

1.1.

Aim ............................................................................................................................ 3

1.2.

Objectives .................................................................................................................. 3

1.3.

Scope .......................................................................................................................... 3

1.4.

Limitations ................................................................................................................. 4

1.5.

Methodology .............................................................................................................. 4

Chapter - 2

History and aspects of high-rise buildings ....................................................... 6

2.1.

Historical development of high-rise buildings ........................................................... 6

2.2

Architectural aspects and urban development today ................................................. 9

2.3

Economic aspects ..................................................................................................... 12

2.4

Social and ecological aspects ................................................................................... 12

2.5

Infrastructural aspects .............................................................................................. 15

Chapter - 3 3.1.

Planning and Designing of high rise buildings .............................................. 16

Planning the project ................................................................................................. 16

3.1.1.

Regulations and directives ................................................................................. 17

3.1.2.

Fire protection and operational security ............................................................ 17

3.1.3.

Stability and construction physics ..................................................................... 18

3.1.4.

Protection against natural hazards ..................................................................... 19

3.1.5.

Social aspects and protection of the surroundings ............................................. 19

3.1.6.

Geotechnical analyses and special considerations ............................................. 20

3.1.7.

Construction licensing procedure ...................................................................... 21

3.2.

Execution of high-rise structures ............................................................................. 21

3.2.1.

Foundations ........................................................................................................ 22

3.2.2.

Supporting structure ........................................................................................... 23 Page | iii

3.2.3.

Facade ................................................................................................................ 26

3.2.3.1.

Planning of facades ..................................................................................... 26

3.2.3.2.

Design of facades in high-rise buildings .................................................... 27

3.2.3.3.

Technical properties ................................................................................... 27

3.2.3.4.

Facade assembly ......................................................................................... 27

3.2.3.5.

Production and materials ............................................................................ 28

3.2.4.

Roof.................................................................................................................... 28

3.2.5.

Interior finishing ................................................................................................ 29

3.3.

Installation of service systems ................................................................................. 29

3.3.1.

Energy and water supply.................................................................................... 30

3.3.2.

Ventilation and air-conditioning ........................................................................ 31

3.3.3.

Sanitation ........................................................................................................... 32

3.3.4.

Control systems .................................................................................................. 32

3.3.5.

Vertical transportation and escalators ................................................................ 33

3.3.6.

Waste disposal ................................................................................................... 35

3.4.

Occupancy stage of high-rise residential buildings ................................................. 35

3.4.1.

Maintenance and administration ........................................................................ 36

3.4.2.

Deliveries and parking ....................................................................................... 37

3.4.3.

Conversions........................................................................................................ 38

3.4.4.

Energy savings ................................................................................................... 40

3.4.5.

Power generation ............................................................................................... 41

3.5.

Fire-fighting ............................................................................................................. 41

3.5.1.

Fire extinguishers ............................................................................................... 41

3.5.2.

Fire-fighting water ............................................................................................. 42

3.5.3.

Sprinklers ........................................................................................................... 42

3.5.4.

Other equipment................................................................................................. 44

3.6.

Risk potential ........................................................................................................... 44

3.6.1.

Design errors ...................................................................................................... 44

3.6.2.

Failure to observe building and planning codes ................................................ 45 Page | iv

3.6.3.

Unsuitable Materials and construction details ................................................... 46

3.6.4.

Foundations, settlement and subsidence ............................................................ 46

3.7.

3.6.4.1.

Foundations ................................................................................................ 47

3.6.4.2.

Settlement and subsidence .......................................................................... 48

3.6.4.3.

Water damage and development of losses .................................................. 49

High-rise design for Earthquakes zones .................................................................. 50

3.7.1.

Action of seismic loads on the building............................................................. 51

3.7.2.

Role of Subsoil................................................................................................... 51

3.7.3.

Foundations design for earthquake .................................................................... 51

3.7.4.

Height of the building ........................................................................................ 52

3.7.5.

Importance of supporting structure .................................................................... 52

3.7.6.

Symmetry of the high-rise building ................................................................... 54

3.7.7.

Shape of the high-rise building .......................................................................... 54

Chapter - 4

Modern construction techniques and technology ........................................... 55

4.1.

Concrete Core Walls ................................................................................................ 55

4.2.

Prefabrication of Elements ....................................................................................... 57

4.3.

Composite Materials ................................................................................................ 59

4.4.

External Claddings ................................................................................................... 61

4.5.

Special construction equipment ............................................................................... 62

4.5.1.

Hoists ................................................................................................................. 63

4.5.2.

Gondola/Swinging Stage ................................................................................... 63

4.5.3.

Work platforms .................................................................................................. 64

4.5.4.

Elevators and Cranes.......................................................................................... 64

4.6.

Robotics in Construction.......................................................................................... 66

Chapter - 5

Liveability of present high-rise housing developments ................................. 69

Chapter - 6

Results and conclusions ................................................................................. 71

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Table of figures Figure 2.1 famous tall building from the past ............................................................................ 7 Figure 2.2 The towers of San Gimignano .................................................................................. 9 Figure 2.3 using the roofs and tops of high-rise buildings for the transmission and receiving installations .............................................................................................................. 11 Figure 3.1 co2 alarm system .................................................................................................... 18 Figure 3.2 broken glass facades of a high-rise tower in us ...................................................... 19 Figure 3.3 residential appartment collapsed due to earthquake-triggered landslide in China (2008) ............................................................................................................................ 19 Figure 3.4 Collapsed Tacoma bridge in Washington............................................................... 20 Figure 3.5 Diaphram wall rotary cutter.................................................................................... 22 Figure 3.6 section of outrigger truss connection to core .......................................................... 24 Figure.3.7 facade of a high-rise residential building in New York ......................................... 25 Figure.3.8 example of the building envelope replaceable facade ............................................ 26 Figure 3.9 helipad on the top of the roof of a residential tower in china ................................. 28 Figure 3.10 Two pipe system, one of the methods to supply cool air to tall buildings. .......... 31 Figure 3.11 Schematic representation of how the DDC system works ................................... 33 Figure 3.12 mechanical parking system in China .................................................................... 38 Figure 3.13 Hand-operated fire extinguishers ......................................................................... 41 Figure 3.14 schematic diagram of a sprinkler system.............................................................. 43 Figure 4.1 external view of steel frame work .......................................................................... 55 Figure 4.2 wall panel system ................................................................................................... 56 Figure 4.3showing the placing of prefabricated block in a high-rise building ........................ 57

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Figure 4.4 showing the prefabricated wall systems ................................................................. 58 Figure 4.5 showing a typical panel system .............................................................................. 61 Figure 4.6 typical first generation wall .................................................................................... 61 Figure 4.7 showing hoist .......................................................................................................... 63 Figure 4.8 Work platforms ....................................................................................................... 64 Figure 4.9 Gondola/Swinging Stage ........................................................................................ 64 Figure 4.10 crane working for a high-rise building ................................................................. 65 Figure 4.11 showing a typical crane ........................................................................................ 65 Figure 4.12 system outline of welding robot ........................................................................... 67 Figure 4.13 material handling and assembly systems .............................................................. 67 Figure 6.1 heat island effect ..................................................................................................... 71 Figure 6.2 multidimensional residential environment ............................................................. 72

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Chapter - 1

Introduction

High-rise housing is usually defined as a residential building with five or more stories, most of the time encountered in urban or suburban areas. Using technologically advanced construction mechanisms, high-rise housing initially emerged in the 1950s and 60s as a solution to the post-war population boom and to the increasing number of people moving into already overpopulated urban areas. Dealing both with the problem of space management and efficiency, high-rise housing, for some, epitomized the modern lifestyle. Depending on the cultural, political and economic environment in which it was built, highrise housing gained significantly different images in different parts of the world. In Western Europe and parts of the USA high-rise housing is often associated with welfare projects, immigrants and the poor – with a few exceptions where renovated high-rise buildings in the city centre have been transformed into luxury apartments for the rich and single. By contrast, in Eastern Europe high-rise housing occupies the majority of the housing market. In Asia, high-rise housing rarely carries the same stigma that it often does throughout Western Europe and the USA, being associated with significantly improved living conditions. Buildings are becoming higher and higher nowadays in maximizing land use and investment return. Construction of residential developments are considered as focal point of the construction industry in view of its huge labor contents and turnovers evolved due to its own nature of works and investments involved from the investors. Investors tend to build everything possible in a small piece of land to increase their return from their investment in the quickest possible manner. Practitioners in the construction industry are looking for different means and methods in enhancing efficiency and meeting requirements from the statutory bodies and the users due to high construction costs and non-availability of land at preferred locations, people opt for apartments. It can be more environmentally friendly as it can save a lot of space and energy, much cheaper to build than independent homes and in many ways easier to manage than the chaotic buildings and complex infrastructure, or lack thereof, that currently exists in slums and shanty towns. High-rise housing is a successful housing solution when faced with the problem of population growth and urban migr...