Drowne PSYC 230 Exam #3 - Professor: Beverley Goldfield PDF

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Professor: Beverley Goldfield...

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Psyc 230: Human Development

B. Goldfield

Exam 3

Name: Nicole Drowne

I. Multiple choice: Underline or bold your response; do so for the entire response, not just the letter of the response (A B C D). (2 points each).

1. The __________ theory of aging receives some support from kinship studies indicating that longevity is a family trait. A) genetically programmed B) wear-and-tear C) random events D) cross-linkage 2. __________ of Millennials approve of legalized same-sex marriage. A) Almost one-third B) Just over half C) Just under two-thirds D) Nearly three-fourths 3. Which statement is true about stress in early adulthood? A) Young adults are better than middle-aged and older adults at coping with stress. B) Early adulthood is marked as one of the least stressful times of life. C) Psychological stress has little impact on physical health in early adulthood. D) Young adults more often report depressive symptoms than middle-aged people. 4. Which of the following is true about hearing loss in late adulthood? A) It affects safety and enjoyment of life. B) It has more of an impact on self-care than vision loss. C) As hearing declines, older people report higher self-efficacy. D) Older people with hearing loss report a larger social network than their normally hearing peers. 5. How do men and women compare in their physical health after age 85? A) Women have fewer health problems overall. B) Men have more non-life-threatening disabling conditions. C) Women are better able to remain independent and engage in society. D) Men are less likely to be impaired because only the sturdiest have survived.

6. In his third year of college, Omar comes to the realization that there are multiple possible truths, rather than one absolute truth, which are each relative to its context. Omar is engaged in A) relativistic thinking B) dualistic thinking C) pragmatic thought D) commitment within relativistic thinking

7. According to Erikson, the psychological conflict of early adulthood is __________. A) initiative versus guilt B) industry versus inferiority C) identity versus role confusion D) intimacy versus isolation 8. When Yolanda thought about the future, she planned to get her first job at 22, be married by 24, and have her first child at 27, just like her older brother did. Yolanda has a well-defined A) split dream B) social clock C) “feminine” dream D) life structure 9. Although some hearing conditions run in families, Dawn, age 61, is experiencing an agerelated hearing condition. Dawn has __________. A) presbyopia B) presbycusis C) tinnitus D) sensorineural hearing loss 10. Robert Sternberg’s triangular theory of love identifies __________ as three components that shift in emphasis as romantic relationships develop. A) passion, intimacy, and commitment B) passion, companionship, and caring C) intimacy, emotional maturity, and dependability D) mutual attraction, companionship, and commitment 11. According to the “random events” theory of biological aging, __________. A) DNA in body cells is gradually damaged through mutations B) as time goes on, the human body wears out from repeated use C) “aging genes” control the deterioration of body cells D) environmental factors have little impact on human aging

12. Adult friends are usually __________. A) different in sex and age, but similar in SES B) similar in age, but different in sex and SES C) different in SES and age, but similar in sex D) similar in age, sex, and SES 13. Which statement is true about marital satisfaction? A) Women report feeling slightly happier with their marriages than men do. B) When a marriage is distressed, women are more likely than men to express dissatisfaction. C) When a marriage is distressed, men are more likely than women to seek professional help. D) Partners who hold overly positive biases concerning each other’s attributes are less happy with their relationships. 14. According to the cross-linkage theory of aging, bonds between protein fibers in connective tissue can lead to __________. A) tightening of the skin and strengthening of the kidneys B) loss of flexibility in the skin and clogging of arteries C) increased flexibility and strengthening of the bones D) reduced production of many hormones, especially estrogen 15. Research findings indicate that __________. A) gay fathers are less responsive to their children’s needs than heterosexual fathers B) gay fathers are less consistent in setting limits than heterosexual fathers C) lesbian and gay parents are as committed to and effective as heterosexual parents D) children of lesbian mothers are more likely than peers to have mental health issues 16. Telomeres __________.

A) lengthen with age, allowing the cells to duplicate B) accelerate somatic mutations, such as those involved in cancer C) lie directly in the middle of chromosomes D) protect the ends of chromosomes from destruction 17. More prevalent among women than men, __________ is the leading cause of dementia. A) cancer B) cardiovascular disease C) Alzheimer’s disease D) stroke 18. Which statement is true about loss of bone strength in middle adulthood? A) Loss in bone density usually begins in the early twenties and accelerates in the thirties.

B) Environmental factors do little to slow bone loss in postmenopausal women. C) Loss of bone strength causes the disks of the spinal column to collapse. D) By the end of middle adulthood, women have lost 70 percent of their bone density. 19. Which individual probably has the highest number of other-sex friends? A) Alyssa, a single mother and high school dropout B) Melina, an employed female chemist C) Cedric, a married man in middle adulthood D) Barry, a married father of four 20. __________ is the most consistent predictor of marital stability. A) Religious similarity B) Age at marriage C) Acceptance of in-laws D) Educational level

21. On both simple and complex reaction-time tasks, response time __________. A) decreases gradually from the early forties into the nineties B) remains the same throughout the lifespan C) increases slowly from the forties to the sixties D) increases steadily from the early twenties into the nineties 22. In egalitarian marriages, __________. A) there is a clear division of roles B) partners share power and authority C) the husband is the head of the household D) the wife is responsible for family economic well-being 23. Which statement about cohabitation is true? A) Engagement at the start of cohabitation is on the rise, while cohabitation is declining. B) Couples who marry without cohabiting are at slightly greater risk of divorce than cohabiters. C) Trends suggest that contemporary cohabitation is more often serving as preparation for marriage. D) Premarital cohabitation before age 25 is associated with reduced readiness to forge a committed bond 24. Jeanine is 49. According to her doctor, she has reached the midlife transition in which fertility declines. Jeanine has reached __________. A) HRT

B) the climacteric C) senescence D) menarche 25. Merrill has a buildup of plaque in his coronary arteries, which encircle his heart and provide its muscles with oxygen and nutrients. Merrill has __________. A) arrhythmia B) angina pectoris C) arterial thrombosis D) atherosclerosis 26. Gregor, age 17, is high in conscientiousness. Gregor __________. A) can anticipate that this trait will increase through middle age B) can anticipate that this trait will decline through middle age C) will probably also become more extroverted as he ages D) will probably become more neurotic as he ages 27. Bianca, age 52, has porous bones and a very low bone density level. Bianca is at risk for __________. A) atherosclerosis B) osteoporosis C) scoliosis D) arterial thrombosis 28. Neil, age 73, has learned to focus on his psychological strengths. He overcomes his physical limitations by emphasizing the compensating rewards of cognitive, emotional, and social powers. According to Peck, Neil has attained __________. A) body differentiation B) ego differentiation C) body transcendence D) ego transcendence 29. Andrew is extremely competitive, ambitious, impatient, and hostile. He is prone to angry outbursts. Andrew displays __________. A) the Type A behavior pattern B) the Type B behavior pattern C) approval-seeking behavior D) passive-aggressive behavior 30. When researchers estimate average healthy life expectancy, __________ ranks first. A) Japan B) Sweden

C) China D) the United States 31. At a recent family reunion, Philip’s uncle recognized him as his brother’s son, but he could not recall his name. Philip’s uncle exhibited a(n) __________ memory deficit. A) associative B) implicit C) remote D) semantic 32. Brain scans show that __________ older people experience less tissue loss in the cerebral cortex. A) sedentary healthy B) physically fit C) physically inactive D) sexually active 33. Martin, age 47, is single and has no children. Which of Martin’s activities reflects generativity? A) He works out at the gym three evenings a week and runs every night. B) He attends worship services two times per week and participates in a bible study group. C) He volunteers at the YMCA as a coach and as a “big brother” to preadolescent boys. D) He participates in community theater and starred in a local production of Guys and Dolls

34. Which statement is true about Alzheimer’s disease? A) By 2030, the number of Americans with Alzheimer’s is expected to be cut in half. B) At first, recent memory is most impaired, but as serious disorientation sets in, recall of distant events evaporates. C) Among the early symptoms of the disease are tremors, shuffling gait, loss of facial expression, and stooped posture. D) Alzheimer’s accounts for about one-quarter of all dementia cases, though at older ages, the percentage declines. 35. Many studies of the latetwentieth and early-twenty-first century reported __________ in midlife. A) an increase of masculine traits in men

B) a decrease of masculine traits in women C) an increase of feminine traits in women D) increased androgyny in men and women 36. In adulthood, __________ is associated with cognitive flexibility, creativity, advanced moral reasoning, and psychosocial maturity. A) femininity B) masculinity C) androgyny D) asexuality 37. Sudie is calm, even-tempered, self-content, comfortable, unemotional, and hardy. She is low in which “big five” personality trait? A) neuroticism B) extroversion C) openness to experience D) agreeableness 38. Marion has just learned that her brain contains an abundance of neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques. Marion’s doctors are probably concerned that she has __________. A) suffered a stroke B) Parkinson’s disease C) vascular dementia D) Alzheimer’s disease 39. The primary reason more older adults in Western countries live on their own today than ever before is __________. A) the high cost of nursing homes B) lack of assistance from their children C) decreasing governmental support D) improved health and economic well-being

40. Cindy, age 48, cares for her two teenage sons and her ailing mother-in-law. Along with her mother, she is also one of a handful of caregivers for her elderly grandmother. Cindy belongs to the __________ generation. A) me B) squeezed C) kinkeeper D) sandwich

41. The cartilage on the ends of Wendell’s joints is deteriorating. Around age 65, he developed bony lumps on the end of the joints on his fingers. Recently, he has been experiencing joint pain, swelling, and some loss of flexibility. Wendell probably has __________. A) rheumatoid arthritis B) osteoarthritis C) osteoporosis D) diabetes mellitus 42. According to Erikson, the final psychological conflict, __________, involves coming to terms with one’s life. A) intimacy versus isolation B) generativity versus stagnation C) ego integrity versus despair D) ego identity versus role confusion 43. Individuals who are high in agreeableness are __________. A) affectionate, talkative, active, fun-loving, and passionate B) calm, even-tempered, self-content, comfortable, unemotional, and hardy C) imaginative, creative, original, curious, and liberal D) soft-hearted, trusting, generous, acquiescent, lenient, and good-natured 44. Life-care communities __________. A) are federally subsidized apartment units for low-income aging adults B) offer a range of housing alternatives, from independent living to full nursing home care C) are limited to 10 or fewer residents, who live in private bedroom–bathroom suites D) provide a hospital-like setting with extreme restrictions on autonomy and social integration 45. Nora’s grandfather lived to be 87, and her father is still alive at the age of 98. Nora concludes that longevity is inherited and anticipates a very long life. Nora should know that __________. A) there is no reliable data on the heritability of longevity, so the cumulative effects of random events probably contributed to the long lives of her relatives B) the lifespans of fraternal twins are just as similar as the lifespans of identical twins, indicating that longevity is probably not a heritable trait C) rather than inheriting longevity directly, people probably inherit risk and protective factors that influence their chances of dying earlier or later D) the heritability of longevity is high, ranging from .75 to .95 for age at death, indicating that longevity is directly related to genetic factors II. Essay: Answer the following essay question. Be sure to define terms and provide a thorough and relevant explanation. Compare and contrast fluid vs. crystallized intelligence (10 points).

In middle adulthood, there is a particular change in intelligence, where one can clearly see a divide between fluid intelligence, which tends to decline beginning in the 20s, and crystallized intelligence, which has been proven to increase in this stage of life. Fluid intelligence focuses more on information-processing skills, such as the quickness of one’s ability to analyze information and how they detect relationships among stimuli. It also includes how well the working memory continues to function as an individual ages into later adulthood. Crystallized intelligence, on the other hand, is centered around knowledge that one gains through life experience and good judgement. It relies on this accumulated information as well as the complete mastery of social conventions, which are specifically important in that person’s culture. These types of intelligence are commonly combined in one’s mind in order to effectively problem solve and function through everyday life. As described previously, the increase in quality of someone’s crystallized intelligence in adulthood accommodates the new life skills they learn at home, work, and even doing hobbies. As for the potential decline in fluid intelligence, K. Warner Schaie actually conducted an experiment on the cognitive abilities across different decades of age in which he found that middle-aged adults are “at their peak” intellectually. However, his study also concluded that fluid intellectual abilities tend to show greater deficits than the crystallized intellectual abilities later in life, as mentioned before. Overall, as people age in general, we find it more difficult to multitask, focus on the relevancy of information, and switch our attention. The decline in processing speed, like psychomotor speed, can indicate a detriment to one’s cognitive performance. Working memory, the “mental blackboard” that holds information in our mind, typically declines in information retention starting in your early 20s. However, there are plenty of restorative options in training and practice that can strengthen their executive function skills and how you retain information....