ECO-GLUE Chapter 1-5, Dizon PDF

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a research paper that consist of creating a glue with the fruits...

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JACKFRUIT “ARTOCARPUS HETEROPHYLLUS” SAP ECO-GLUE

_________________________________

A research paper presented to the Faculty of Tanauan City CollegeSenior High School _________________________________ In partial fulfilment Of the requirements for the subject Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion/Capstone Project _________________________________

By: Dizon, Hazel L.

March 2020

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Chapter 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND Introduction Mark Zusak (2014) quoted that, "Maybe everyone can live beyond what they're capable of." Everyone can have a hidden secret that they don't know just like talent for a human and on the same time the capability for some things. In the world today, people's perspective on the things that is useless is unprofitable, they can easily throw it on the garbage or sometimes everywhere. This perspective may have defective to others just like what Zusak quoted. He indicated his quote to a person and it is somewhat relevant to those things which are reusable. Just like a sticky sap, it seems like worthless but it is capable for making ecofriendly things which benefits many people. Glue is any of various strong adhesive substances (Merriam Webster Dictionary). It was very commonly used in Europe during Ancient Rome, Medieval times and Renaissance. It may be hard to imagine a world without glue. It has helped shape, mold, and bonds the very homes we live in, the everyday items we use every day, and even the foods that we eat. Without glue, we would be living in a very

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different world and would most likely still be living a more basic existence. Adhesives make our lives easier and help us build, create and repair both quickly and easily while being cost effective and easy to purchase. One of the ways to make glue is synthetic glue made from fruit sap. This synthetic glue helps people to reuse something that they already used and help the environment too. A jackfruit is one of the fruit that have sticky sap that can suit to make synthetic glue. Jackfruit “Artocarpus Heterophyllus” or also known as jack tree or simply jak is a species of Artocarpus genus and is widely abundant in the parts of South and Southeast Asia but is believed to have originated in the Southwestern rainforests in India. It is cultivated in tropical regions - that including the Philippines. Studies have proven Jackfruit sap has the ability to become glue for it contains a substance which is required to form adhesive, called latex. This project aims to produce eco-glue out of Jackfruit sap. It aims to study about the comparison of the commercial glue to the eco-glue. In the same way, the researcher wanted to determine the result of this study that may be able to give knowledge to the people that are living in the City of Tanauan.

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Statement of Problem This

project

aims

to

enhance

the

study

about

Jackfruit

“Artocarpus Heterophyllus” Sap Eco-Glue. Specifically, it aims to answer the following questions: 1. How probable can the jackfruit sap as an alternative source of eco-glue? 2. How much amount of jackfruit sap will be needed to produce alternative eco-glue? 3. What is the difference between the properties of commercial glue and eco-glue produced from jackfruit sap, in terms of: 3.1 Viscosity; 3.2 Density; 3.3 Color 3.4 Odor; and 3.5 Stickiness 4.

Is the eco-glue produced from jackfruit sap can be a

substitute glue for binding like papers?

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Significance of the Study The

researchers

of

this

study

aspire

to

make

genuine

contribution to the better enhancement and development of Jackfruit “Artocarpus Heterophyllus” Sap Eco-Glue. Specifically, the findings of this research is significant to the following: To citizens. This study will benefit citizens especially to those owner of the jackfruit trees for it help them to have an eco-glue. To the students. This will help them to have a substitute of glue which is commonly used in school to bind materials such as paper and cardboards. To the environment. The mere use of Jackfruit sap can already contribute to the cleanliness of the environment, knowing that the part of the fruits to be used is generally considered as wastes. To the Future Researchers. This study will serve as source of information to conduct further studies regarding adhesive glue produced from jackfruit sap. Scope and Delimitations This research entitled, “Jackfruit “Artocarpus Heterophyllus” Sap Eco-Glue,” will be conducted by grade 12 Senior High School (STEM

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Strand) of Tanauan City College. The source of the eco-glue will be limited in the sap of Jackfruit “Artocarpus Heterophyllus”. The product will be compared to the commercial glue to identify their similarities and differences in terms of viscosity, density, color, odor and stickiness. This will also be applied to any paper to test its effectivity and feasibility as alternative glue. Hypothesis H1.

Is jackfruit sap probable as a source of alternative glue?

H2. There is a significant diffrence between the properties of commercial glue and eco-glue produced from jackfruit sap, in terms of Viscosity, Density, Color, Odor, and Stickiness. H3. Is eco-glue made from jackfruit sap is effective as a commercial glue?

CHAPTER II A REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES The aim of this chapter was to sum up the relevant findings from the literature pertinent to this research.

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Jackfruit (Artocarpus Heterophyllus) According to Prem (2015), jackfruit has been a key source of nutrition for people in Asia, it is considered an invasive species in the Brazilian rain forest because jackfruit competes with native trees. The jackfruit is “an underutilized crop” in the tropical-to-subtropical climate where most of the fruits get wasted due to ignorance, lack of postharvest technology and gaps in supply chain systems. Jackfruit contains more protein, calcium, iron, vitamins and other essential nutrients when compared to the common fruits. Jackfruit is that is widely consumed as a fresh fruit has also been reported the therapeutic qualities since ancient times. The parts of the world facing food insecurity, the jackfruit could be manna from a tree. Based on the study of Stukin (2016), the jackfruit is a multipurpose species providing food, timber, fuel, fodder, and medicinal and industrial products. The primary economic product of jackfruit is the fruit which is used both when mature and immature. The unripe (green) jackfruit is remarkably similar in texture to chicken, thus jackfruit is an excellent vegetarian substitute for meat. The canned jack-fruit is sometimes referred to as “vegetable meat”.

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As the study of Goswani (2016), the jackfruit can be not only used for several culinary operations but the seed powder also has a lot of potential in food jackfruit can, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, paper, bio-nanotechnology industries, especially its uses as thickener and binding agent. According to the study of Elevitch & Manner (2014), jackfruit is one of the most significant trees in home gardens and perhaps the most widespread and useful tree in the genus Artocarpus. It is a medium-sized amaranthine tree mostly reaching 8-25 meters in height that is easily identified through its fruit, the largest among cultivated plants. Its luscious, fragrant and delicious fruit is eaten or preserved in different ways. Based on the article of Espino (2017), In the Philippines, agriculture is one of the primary sources of income. Different kinds of crops, fruits and vegetables are planted by farmers in rural areas to supply the food production in the urban area and in exchange, they would get a profit in it. Jackfruit is one of the considered backyard crop by the farmers to plant since it is harvested all-year round with peak period during April or May.

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Based on Chowdhury (2016), jackfruit has many uses. It can also be utilized in different environmental services. It cannot be easily blown by the wind so it is mostly used in making a fence or hurdle. In the meadow, its fallen fruit can be used as food for the animals. It can also offer its shade to coffee, pepper, betel nut, and cardamom plants. In gardens, its thick branches shouldering the dense canopy leaves can provide a visual screen. According to Gamboa (2014), the Jackfruit tree is easy to grow and is more adaptable than some of the other common Artocarpus species. It is also not considered an intrusive species. Jackfruit has also served different functions for humans. Its seed has been reported to contain high levels of protein, starch, calcium, and thiamine (Burkill, 2014). Humans have relished its seeds by cooking it boiled, roasted or preserved in a syrup like chestnuts. Its fruit are most likely eaten fresh or is processed in to numerous delicacies including jam, jelly, and chutney. The tree has also been considered to acquire medicinal properties. In 2012, Morton reported that the Chinese considered the fruit’s pulp and seeds as a stimulant. She also stated that they also found the fruit to be useful in overcoming the influence of alcohol in the system. Jack leaf’s poultices can be applied hot on bruises, blows,

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or wounds to reduce inflammation and help healing (Jackfruit properties). The ash of jackfruit leaves, burned with corn and coconut shells, is used alone or mixed with coconut oil to heal ulcers. The dried latex yields artosterone, convertible to artosterone, a compound with marked androgenicaction (having male hormone activity). Mixed with vinegar, the latex promotes healing of abscesses, snakebite and glandular swellings (Swami et. al., 2014) Based on Gamboa (2014), jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) has also been utilized for industrial purposes. Its branches and trunk are burned for fuel wood. In the province of Cebu, Philippines, the wood is highly prized for making guitars, ukuleles, and other musical instruments. The heated latex can be used as glue for mending chinaware and pottery and as caulking for boats and buckets. The latex contains resins that may have use in varnishes. The latex also has bacteriolytic value comparable to that of papaya latex. Additionally, the sticky latex is used for trapping birds (birdlime) and for insect traps. The bark contains 3.3 % tannin (Prakash et. al., 2015). Tannin is adye, which is used to give the famous orange-red color to the robes of Buddhist priests.

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According to Morton (2018), jackfruit is considered as a research worthy species because of its huge potential use in nutrition and because of its potential ability to increase local incomes specially when grown in agroforestry and home garden systems. It is sometimes of high value locally and valuable when introduced to other parts of the world where it can be fairly cultivated in suitable climates. Based on the study of Wester (2015), several Artocarpus species provide edible and economically valuable fruits. Jackfruit

A. integer

Merr., is eaten fresh and is truly domesticated and important in Malaysia and Indonesia. There are two other species which are minor domesticates: A. odoratissimus Blanco from Borneo and selected wild forms from Indonesia and Malaysia and A. rigidus Blume from the Malesian archipelago (covering Malaysia, Indonesia and extending to Papua New Guinea). Arange of wild species of Artocarpus fruits are gathered for fresh consumption such as A. lakoocha Roxb, which are mainly confined to peninsular India and Nepal. According to Swami (2016), jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) is an ancient fruit that is widely consumed as a fresh fruit. The use of jackfruit bulbs and its parts has also been reported since ancient times for their therapeutic qualities. The beneficial physiological effects

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may also have preventive application in a variety of pathologies. The health benefits of jackfruit have been attributed to its wide range of physicochemical applications. This review presents an overview of the functional, medicinal, and physiological properties of this fruit. Glue Based on the study of Wilkinson (2014), glue is a common adhesive used in schools, houses, offices and even in construction. Cambridge Dictionary defines glue as a “sticky substance that is used for joining things together permanently, produced from animal bones and skins or by a chemical process”. According to Mazur (2015), glue came into being when ancient tribes discovered that the bones, hides, skin, sinew, and other connective tissues from animals could be processed to remove collagen, the protein in these tissues. The collagen was sticky and was useful for holding things together. Milk solids, known as casein, and blood albumin can also be used as a basis for glue. Dried serum from cows' blood yields albumin that coagulates (clumps together) when it is heated and becomes insoluble in water.

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According to the article of Dela Torre (2018), fruit trees are important as additional sources of revenue and are important diet supplements. Besides yielding edible fruits, there are several other useful products available from these fruit trees. However, despite their significance, these plants have not been researched thoroughly for their propagation, cultivation and molecular characterization. Unlike the annual agricultural crops, fruit trees present certain unique problems in terms of their improvement. The long pre-bearing age and highly heterozygous cross pollination nature of these crops constitute a serious problem for their rapid improvement and assessment of available variability. With changing socio-economic and environmental values, there is now a worldwide burgeoning of interest and support for research on the maintenance, genetic improvement and efficient use of fruit tree resources and their products. However, some of the useful fruit trees have not been investigated in detail. In this review, biotechnological intervention in the area of tissue culture, molecular markers and genetic transformation on three under-researched tropical fruit tree crops viz. Jackfruit, Guava, and Custard apple are described. According to the study of Haq (2016), Jackfruit “Artocarpus Heterophyllus Lam.” belongs to the family Moraceae that is a fairly

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large sized tree and bears the largest fruit among the edible fruits. Jackfruit tree is native in South East Asia and popular in several tropical and sub-tropical countries. Jackfruit tree grows well under humid and warm climates of hill slopes. It is largely propagated by seed and being a highly heterozygous and cross-pollinated crop, which resulted in immense variation in the population for yield, size, shape and quality of fruit and period of maturity. Based on the article of Lal et al. (2014), the jackfruit has been ignored by countries where it grows enormously, but it is being used to mint dollars by nations such as China, Vietnam, Malaysia and others. They are using the humble jackfruit to create value-added products to earn significant foreign exchange while others are happy either wasting the fruit or cutting down whatever jack trees are remaining there

Definition of Terms For a clear understanding of this study, the terms are conceptually defined.

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ADHESIVE. A substance that is used to make things stick together CASEIN. A phosphoprotein of milk such as one that is precipitated from milk by heating with an acid or by the action of lactic acid in souring and is used in making paints and adhesives CAULKING. To fill the cracks or holes in (something) with a substance that keeps out water INVASIVE. An organism that is not native to the place where found and tends to grow and spread easily usually to the detriment of native species and ecosystems MORACEAE. A family of trees or shrubs that have a milky juice and small diclinous flowers with a one-celled ovary POULTICES. A soft, usually heated substance that is spread on cloth and then placed on the skin to heal a sore or reduce pain.

Chapter III METHODOLOGY This chapter presents all the necessary information about the process of this study. This includes the ingredients, materials and tools

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to be used in the study, and the production process will also be discussed. Ingredients The ingredients to be used in this study are the following: 

30mL Jackfruit Sap



15mL White Gas



Polyvinyl Acetate



10mL Water (for mixing the Polyvinyl Acetate)

Materials The materials to be used in this study are the following: 

Tins (Lănera)



Containers/Bowls



Spoon



Measuring Cups



Grills

Methods

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1. Gathering. The jackfruit sap will be collected from the trees at Tanauan City. 2. Preparing. The materials and tools should be ready before the start of production process. 3. Boiling. The jackfruit sap will be heated and boiled in a tin by using white gas as a solvent to lose the excess water from the sap. 4. Mixing. The above formed solution will be mixed with the polyvinyl acetate. 5. Separating. Then the mixture will be transferred to a separating container and let it cool.

METHODOLOGY FLOW CHART

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GATHERING

PREPARING

SEPARATING Chapter

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BOILING

MIXING

Results and Discussion

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This chapter presents the interpretation and analysis of data gathered in order to discuss the answers to the research problems of the study. The discussion follows the sequence how the statements of the problem are laid out in the first chapter. 1. HOW PROBABLE CAN THE JACKFRUIT SAP AS AN ALTERNATIVE SOURCE OF ECO-GLUE? From the experiment conducted, the researcher was able to produce an eco-glue. It only implies that jackfruit sap was probable as an alternative source of eco-glue. It is supported by the literature of Gamboa (2014) which stated that “the heated latex can be used as glue for mending chinaware and pottery and as caulking for boats and buckets.” 2. HOW MUCH AMOUNT OF JACKFRUIT SAP WILL BE NEEDED TO PRODUCE ALTERNATIVE ECO-GLUE? From the amount of 30 mL of jackfruit sap the researchers added 15 mL of white gas to lose the water from the sap and the solution totally produced 25 mL. It was mixed with 15 mL of polyvinyl acetate and stir it until the consistency of glue. After several processes, the researcher produced 40 mL of eco-glue.

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3. WHAT IS THE ESSENTIAL DISCREPANCY BETWEEN THE PROPERTIES OF COMMERCIAL GLUE AND ECO-GLUE PRODUCED FROM JACKFRUIT SAP, IN TERMS OF: ECO-GLUE PROPERTIES

COMMERCIAL GLUE

PRODUCED FROM JACKFRUIT SAP

3.1. Viscosity;

More viscous

More viscous It uses

3.2. Density; finger when spread.

It takes long time to spread when applied.

3.3. Color;

Dirty White White

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Sweet Smell with Liitle Sour

3.4. Odor; and

Little Jackfruit 3.5. Stickiness Sticky More Sticky Table 1. Properties of Commercial Glue and Eco-Glue Table 1 shows the discrepancy between the properties of commercial glue and eco-glue produced from jackfruit sap. In terms of viscosity, it shows that the commercial glue and eco-glue are the same. In terms of density, the commercial glue spread faster than the other one. The color of the two glue is not far from each other because the commercial glue is white-colored while the eco-glue is dirty whitecolored. In terms of odor, commercial glue has a sour smell while ecoglue has a sweet smell. And in ...