Education definition 2016 PDF

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This is a summarized version of all the definitions in the Education Unit in the book which may be used for A2 Paper 3....

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Compensatory education: educational programs intended to make up for experiences (as cultural) lacked by disadvantaged children Comprehensive education: A comprehensive school is a state school that does not select its intake on the basis of academic achievement or aptitude. This is in contrast to the selective school system, where admission is restricted on the basis of selection criteria.

Correspondence principle: a close relationship between social standing and the educational system. A term used by Bowles and Gintis to refer to the tendency of schools to promote the values of individuals in each social class and to prepare students for the types of jobs typically held by members of the same social class. Counter-school culture: A set of values, attitudes and behavior in opposition to the main aims of a school. Cultural capital: For P. Bourdieu (1973), success in the educational system is largely dictated by the extent to which individuals have absorbed the dominant culture (knowledge, language, attitudes and values), or how much cultural capital they have got. He argues that those in power control the form that culture takes and are thus able to sustain their position. Cultural reproduction: This term was introduced by P. Bourdieu, who sees the function of the education system as being to reproduce the culture of the dominant classes, thus helping to ensure their continued dominance. Immediate gratification: is a desire to have rewards now rather than waiting to acquire them in the future , which is known as deferred gratification. Cultural deprivation: is the failure of children from the working class and some ethnic minorities to reach the same average levels of educational achievement as middle-class children, has often been explained in term of cultural deprivation, the failure of the home and neighbourhood to provide these children with motivational and linguistic attributes necessary for success within the educational system. The school embodies social values and conceptions of appropriate knowledge which may differ from those of large sections of the population. Material deprivation: is defined as the state of economic strain and durables, which leads to the inability to pay unexpected expenses. Regarding the education system, it would be the lack of resources needed to perform better in school, like textbooks. Deschooling: To abolish or phase out traditional schools, so as to replace them with alternative methods and forms of education. Educational achievement: The definition of academic achievement refers to the level of schooling you have successfully completed and the ability to attain success in your studies.

Elaborated speech codes: is a form of language used involving careful explanation and detail. The language used by strangers in some formal context, like a job interview, or writing a business letter. Restricted speech codes: is a form of language which takes for granted shared understandings between people. Colloquial, everyday language used between friends, with limited explanation and use of vocabulary. Equality of opportunity: The principle that every child, regardless of his or her social class background, ability to pay educational fees, ethnic background, gender equality or disability, should have an equal chance of doing as well in education as his or her ability will allow. Ethnicity: An ethnic group or ethnicity is a population of human beings whose members identify with each other, either on the basis of a presumed common genealogy or ancestry, or recognition by others as a distinct group, or by common cultural, linguistic, religious, or territorial traits. Processes that result in the emergence of such identification are summarized as ethno genesis. Ethnocentric curriculum: When the taught curriculum favours a particular culture by teaching its knowledge and history. As a result, it forms an internal cause for ethnic minority underachievement in the education system. Formal education: It corresponds to a systematic, organized education model, structured and administered according to a given set of laws and norms, presenting a rather rigid curriculum as regards objectives, content and methodology. Gender: The culturally created differences between men and women, which are learnt through socialization. Gender stereotyping: They are simplistic generalizations about the gender attributes, differences and roles of individuals and/or groups. They can be positive or negative, but they rarely communicate accurate information about others. Gendered curriculum: as the way in which subjects are divided and taught to appeal to different genders Hidden curriculum: Attitudes and behaviours which are taught through the school’s organization and teachers attitudes, but which are not part of the formal timetable. Ideological state apparatus: Term used by the French Marxist Althusser to describe those parts of the superstructure (such as religion, the media, the family or education) which maintain class control through consent rather than coercion. Informal education: a general term for education outside of a standard school setting Inequality: existence of unequal opportunities and rewards for different social positions or statuses within a group or society.

Intelligence: Eysenck defined intelligence as abstract reasoning ability, measurable through intelligence tests. It is often thought to be innate. Intelligence quotient: A number representing a persons’ reasoning ability (measure through a problemsolving test) as compared to the statistical norm or average for their age. Knowledge: Practical or theoretical understanding of a subject. Labelling: The way that people place labels on others, often based on stereotypes. It is particularly associated with the study of education and deviance, with individuals becoming failures or deviants because of the label attached to their behaviour by those in authority. Language: An abstract system of word meanings and symbols for all aspects of culture. It also includes gestures and other non-verbal communications. Marketisation: The process whereby services, like education or health, that were previously controlled and run by the state, have government or local council control reduced, and become subject to the free market forces of supply and demand, based on competition and consumer choice. Meritocracy: In a meritocracy, social positions in the occupational structure would be filled on the basis of merit in terms of universal criteria of achievement, not on ascribed criteria of age, sex or inherited wealth. Minority ethnic group: A social group that shares a cultural identity which is different from that of the majority population of a society, such as African Caribbean, Indian Asian and Chinese ethnic groups in Britain. Positional theory: Even if there are no sub cultural differences between classes, the fact that people are in different positions in the class system, means there will be inequality of educational opportunity. Their position in a society will determine the educational choices they make Peer group: Friendship group, composed of individuals sharing similar age and social status, with whom an individual mixes socially. Positive discrimination: The provision of special opportunities in employment, training, etc. for a disadvantaged group, such as women, ethnic minorities, etc. Pupil sub-culture: A group of pupils who share similar values and behavioral patterns. They often emerge as a response to the way the pupils have been labeled. Self-fulfilling prophecy: A self-fulfilling prophecy, described by Robert K. Merton, is a cultural belief that becomes true because people act as though it is true. When teachers treat middle-class students as if they will do better than lower-class students, the middle-class students tend to perform better and achieve more than they otherwise would.

Social class: A social class is a group of people of similar status, commonly sharing comparable levels of power and wealth. In sociology, social classes describe one form of socialstratification. Social capital: The network of social connections that exist between people, and their shared values and norms of behavior, which enable and encourage mutually advantageous social cooperation. Social democratic theory: A political theory advocating the use of democratic means to achieve a gradual transition from capitalis m to socialism. Social exclusion: The failure of society to provide certain individuals and groups with those rights and benefits normally available to its members, such as employment, adequate housing, health care, education and training. Social inequality: Social inequality is the existence of unequal opportunities and rewards for different social positions or statuses within a group or society Social mobility: Social mobility refers to the movement of individuals or groups in social position over time. Streaming: Grouping students according to their predicted ability. Vocationalism: training for a specific vocation in industry or agriculture or trade

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