EPP1 class notes 2 Articularoty phonetics 1 C and V phonemes 2016 PDF

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English Phonetics and Phonology 1 – Class notes (2) Profs. J. Cebrian, N. Gavaldà, S. Tubau, M. van Wijk, V. Zaytseva – 2016 – Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona

ARTICULATORY PHONETICS 1 CONSONANT AND VOWEL ARTICULATION, ENGLISH CONSONANT AND VOWEL PHONEMES Ø What is phonetics? • the study of the _____________________________________________________________ : the articulatory, acoustic and auditory properties of speech sounds • phonetic units are continuous and dynamic Ø What is phonology? • the study of the linguistic characteristics of sounds: the ________________________________________________________ within a language • the possible ___________________________________ in a given language Ø Phonetics • Organs of speech • Articulatory description of consonants and vowels • The consonants and vowels of English Ø Phonology • Phonemes vs. Allophones • Phonotactics: permissible combinations of phonemes à HANDOUT 2: THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS Ø The three branches of Phonetics • _________________________ phonetics = • _________________________ phonetics = • _________________________ phonetics = Ø Transcription • Phonemic / / vs. phonetic [ ] • The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) Ø Levels of transcription • Types of transcription o phonological transcription: _____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ o phonetic transcription: : ________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ o Broad vs. narrow transcription Ø The speech chain

Source: Denes, PB, and Pinson, EN. 1963. The speech chain.

English Phonetics and Phonology 1 – Class notes (2) Profs. J. Cebrian, N. Gavaldà, S. Tubau, M. van Wijk, V. Zaytseva – 2016 – Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona

à HANDOUT 3: ANATOMY AND ARTICULATION Ø Speech organs (a resonance tube) • Lungs • Larynx § above the __________________ § contains the ________________________________________ • Cavities § pharynx § mouth ( ____________ tract or cavity) § nose ( _____________ tract or cavity)

Images from Rogers (2000) The sounds of language: An introduction to phonetics.

Ø Processes involved in speech Process • Respiratory process • Phonatory process • Oro-nasal process • Articulatory process

Organs involved à __________________________ à __________________________ à __________________________ à __________________________

Ø Respiratory process • Active exhalation; sustained airstream • Airstream mechanisms à see Ashby (1995) on airstream mechanisms o _______________________________________________ o _______________________________________________ Examples o Ejectives (glottalic egressive), implosives (glottalic ingressive), clicks (velaric ingressive) English sounds? à ________________________________________________________________________ Ø Phonatory process: the Larynx & the vocal folds/cords • PITCH o _____________________ (depends on mass, tension, length – gender and age differences) • INTONATION o ______________________________________ over time • VOICING o Presence or absence of vibration o Position of the vocal cords à HANDOUT 4: PHONATION TYPES

English Phonetics and Phonology 1 – Class notes (2) Profs. J. Cebrian, N. Gavaldà, S. Tubau, M. van Wijk, V. Zaytseva – 2016 – Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona

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The folds may be • ___________________________________ o the air stream makes them vibrate o result: voiced sounds o /zzzzzzzzzzz/ • ___________________________________ o no vibration o result: voiceless sounds o /ssssssssssss/ • ___________________________________ o air flow is blocked and then released (e.g. holding one’s breath) [ʔ]

Ø The oro-nasal process The velum: oral vs. nasal sounds • The velum (soft palate) can be: o raised (or up) - velic _____________ o no air through the nose o result: ___________________________________ o lowered (or down) - velic _______________ o air escapes through nose o result: ___________________________________ à HANDOUT 3: ANATOMY AND ARTICULATION Ø Articulatory process: Articulators • lips • teeth • palate o alveolar ridge o hard palate o soft palate or velum • tongue o tip, blade, front, back • •

Examples of sounds ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________

Other articulators: o uvula, pharyngeal wall, glottis Active vs. passive articulators

Articulatory description of sounds Ø Describing consonants: Voicing + Place + Manner • Voicing: absence/presence of vocal fold vibration • Place of articulation: articulators involved • Manner of articulation o degree of obstruction o oral vs. nasal Which of the following Cs are voiced and which are voiceless? /p b t d k g f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ h tʃ dʒ m n ŋ l r j w / voiced: _______________________________________________________________________ voiceless: _______________________________________________________________________

English Phonetics and Phonology 1 – Class notes (2) Profs. J. Cebrian, N. Gavaldà, S. Tubau, M. van Wijk, V. Zaytseva – 2016 – Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona

Ø Place of articulation à HANDOUT 5: PLACES OF ARTICULATION à HANDOUT 6: CONSONANT PLACE OF ARTICULATION

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Terminology: Nouns Adjectives lungs __________________________________________________ larynx __________________________________________________ pharynx __________________________________________________ tongue tip = apex __________________________________________________ tongue blade = lamina _______________________________________________ tongue back = dorsum ________________________________________________

Ø Manner of articulation (Stricture & degree of obstruction) • Stops or plosives § complete _____________________ + possible _________________ /p, b, t, d, g, k/ o nasal stops: /m, n, ŋ/ • Fricatives or spirants § no complete closure but frication /f, v, θ, ð, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, h/ • Affricates § complete __________________ followed by ______________________ /tʃ, dʒ/ • Approximants o approximation, no ___________________ /j w r l/ o Liquids § lateral: air escapes around sides of tongue /l/ § rhotics: rolled r’s or trills, flaps & taps o Glides or semivowels /j w / Ø Describing a consonant: Voicing + Place + Manner Examples /p/ /ŋ/ Voicing: Place: Oral or nasal: Manner:

/θ/

voiceless bilabial oral stop

/p/ = voiceless bilabial (oral) stop à HANDOUT 07: ENGLISH CONSONANT CHARTS

English Phonetics and Phonology 1 – Class notes (2) Profs. J. Cebrian, N. Gavaldà, S. Tubau, M. van Wijk, V. Zaytseva – 2016 – Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona

Ø Consonant manner: grouping consonants. Why group consonants? Example: sonorants vs. obstruents • What CC combinations are common in the coda? What combinations are not possible? Possible: (vowel) + _____________________ + ______________________ à heart, field, lunch, shelf, sink Not possible: (vowel) + ___________________ + ___________________ à *Vtr, *Vkl, *Vsr, *Vtʃm • What type of consonants can be syllabic? - ______________________ à / sʌdn! /, / teɪbl! /, but */ sʌdk! / , */ teɪbθ" / à Consonants form natural classes Grouping consonants • Obstruents Sonorants _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ • What about sibilants? Example: Plural formation (regular): we add “es” to the singular form when the last consonant in the stem is _________________________________________________________________________. In English there are 6 sibilant sounds: __________________________ Ø Review of manner of articulation Complete closure _________________________________ Intermittent closure _________________________________ Partial closure _________________________________ Close approximation _________________________________ Open approximation _________________________________ Ø 7-term and 3-term description of Cs origin of air direction of air breath force and muscular effort vocal fold vibration oro-nasal process place manner Examples

/t/: /ŋ/: /dʒ/:

_________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ ________________________________

Pulmonic egressive fortis voiceless alveolar oral stop

Ø Consonants vs. Vowels o Vowels are $ produced with _________________________________ • always ________________________ • the _________________________ of the syllable § but: • Syllabic consonants are also found in the ______________ : sudden table • Glides (semivowels yes work) are produced with ___________________ but are not found in ____________________ Ø Vowel Sounds • Crucial articulators: _________________________ and _________________________________ • Vowel description o ____________ rounding + ________________ height & stricture + part of the _____________ à HANDOUT 3 (point 4) à HANDOUT 8 à ENGLISH RP VOWEL PHONEMES

English Phonetics and Phonology 1 – Class notes (2) Profs. J. Cebrian, N. Gavaldà, S. Tubau, M. van Wijk, V. Zaytseva – 2016 – Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona

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Schwa o Mid central unrounded vowel o Never in a _______________________________ */ˈbən/ o Unstressed syllables: paper, Arthur, author, perhaps, pilot, dinner, agree, aside, above, obey, suggest, murderer, composer o Weak forms: the, of, to, from, was, were English diphthongs Vowel + [ɪ]: Vowel + [ʊ]: Vowel + [ə] /aɪ/ PRICE /əʊ/ (/oʊ/) GOAT /ɪə/ NEAR /eɪ/ FACE /aʊ/ MOUTH /eə/ SQUARE, FAIR /ɔɪ/ CHOICE /ʊə/ CURE, POOR

Ø Cardinal Vowels à see O’Connor (1973) on cardinal vowels • • • •

Daniel Jones; IPA. Distribution: at equal distances in the quadrilateral. Used as reference points to describe vowel sounds Symbols often used in non-cardinal sense.

Exercises: review of terminology Give the correct term for each location or activity 1. both lips _________________________________ 2. rigde behind upper teeth _________________________________ 3. opening between vocal cords _________________________________ 4. articulated in the opening between vocal cords _________________________________ 5. hard roof of mouth _________________________________ 6. appendage above back of tongue _________________________________ 7. lower lip to upper teeth _________________________________ 8. velic opening maintained _________________________________ 9. consonant in syllable nucleus _________________________________ Review of some terms • /w/ _________________________________; /r/ _________________________________ • velar closure vs. velic closure • syllabic consonants • Contoid vs. vocoid • Phonetic vs. functional definition Cs &Vs...