Erik Erikson Post-Freudian Theory PDF

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Name: Erik Erikson Born: June 15,1902 Birthplace: Southern Germany Died: May 12, 1994 (91 years old) Chapter: 7 (Post-Freudian Theory) Part of: Psychodynamic Theories

Overview of Post-Freudian Theory Post-Freudian Theory Extension of Freud's psychoanalysis (differed from Freud in several respects). Extended Freud's infantile developmental stages into Adolescence, Adulthood and Old Age. used Freudian Theory as the Foundation for his LIFE-CYCLE APPROACH to Personality. Erikson suggested that at each stage, a specific PSYCHOSOCIAL STRUGGLE contributes to the formation of PERSONALITY.

The Ego in Post-Freudian Theory According to Erikson, our EGO is POSITIVE FORCE that creates a self-identify, a sense of "I" EGO --> Center of Personality EGO --> Person's ability to unify experience and actions in an adaptive manner. Erikson see the EGO as partially UNCONSCIOUS ORGANIZING AGENCY that synthesizes our Present Experience with past self-identities and also with anticipated images of self.

Erikson identified three (3) interrelated aspects of Ego ● Body Ego ● Ego Ideal ● Ego Identity

BODY EGO From Adolescence on, that struggle takes the form of an Identity Crisis. Erikson placed more emphasis on both Social and Historical influences (In elaborating Psychosexual stages). IDENTITY CRISIS Is a turning point in one's life that may either strengthen or weaken Personality.

refers to experiences with our body; a way of seeing our physical self as different from other people. EGO IDEAL ▪ represents the image we have in ourselves in comparison with established IDEAL; it is responsible for our being satisfied or dissatisfied not only with our physical self but with our entire personal identity.

EGO IDENTITY is the image we have in ourselves in the variety of SOCIAL ROLES we play.

stages of PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT Comprehension (basic points) :

Society's Influence (Ego) ● The Ego emerges from and is largely shaped by society. ● To Erikson, the ego exists as potential at birth, but it must emerge from within the cultural environment. Pseudospecies: an illusion perpetrated and perpetuated by a particular society that it is somehow chosen to be the human species.

1. Growth takes place according to the Epigenetic Principle 2. In every stage of life, there is INTERACTION OF OPPOSITES, that is a conflict between Syntonic (harmonious) element and a Dystonic (disruptive) element. 3. Conflict between Syntonic and Dystonic elements produces an ego quality or ego strength; also called as Basic Strength. 4. Too little basic strength at any one stage results in Core Pathology.

Epigenetic Principles (Ego) a term borrowed from Embryology Erikson believe that the ego develops through various stages of life according to an epigenetic principle. The ego follows the path of epigenetic development, with each stage developing at it's proper time. Epigentic Principle: step-by-step growth, but any step doesn't replace the accomplishment of the previous step. Example: Children crawl before they walk, walk before they run, and run before they jump.

5. Biological and Psychological aspects have been focused. 6. Ego identity is shaped by Multiplicity of conflicts and events (past, present and anticipated future). 7. From adolescence forward, personality development is characterized by Identity Crisis

Stages of Psychosocial Development ● 1st Stage: INFANCY ● Psychosexual Mode: Oral-Sensory Mode ● Psychosocial Crisis: Basic Trust Vs. Mistrust

● Basic Strength: Hope ● Core pathology: Withdrawal

INFANCY (1 year old below) to Erikson, Infancy is a time of 'incorporation', with infants "taking in" not only through their mouth, but through their various sense organs. Oral-Sensory Mode a phrase that includes infant's principal psychosexual mode of training. is characterized by two modes: 1. receiving and accepting (e.g. receiving sensory data; taking in air through lungs) 2. give (learning to give: basic trust)

Basic Trust Vs. Basic Mistrust if the infant's pattern of accepting things corresponds with culture's way of giving things, then infants learn BASIC TRUST. if infants find no correspondence between their oral-sensory needs and their environment, they learn BASIC MISTRUST. HOPE future distress will meet with satisfactory outcomes. WITHDRAWAL retreat from the world.

● 2nd stage: Early Childhood ● Psychosexual mode: Anal-Urethral-Muscular mode ● Psychosocial crisis: Autonomy Vs. Shame and Doubt ● Basic strength: Will ● Core pathology: Compulsion

EARLY CHILDHOOD (2-3 years old) young children receive pleasure from mastering body functions such as: ● ● ● ●

urinating, walking, throwing, holding and so on.

Anal-Urethral-Muscular Mode children learn to control their body, especially in relation to cleanliness and mobility. time for toilet training, learning to walk, run, hug parents, and hold on to toys and other objects. Autonomy Vs. Shame and Doubt According to Erikson's Epigenetic Diagram: AUTONOMY grows out of basic trust. If children do not develop basic trust during Infancy, then their attempts to gain control of their anal, urethral and muscular organs during childhood will be met with strong sense of Shame and Doubt.

● SHAME: a feeling of self-consciousness, of being looked at and exposed. ● DOUBT: is the feeling of not being certain, the feeling that something remains hidden and cannot be seen.

PURPOSE Setting goals with purpose.

INHIBITION ● 3rd stage: Play Age ● Psychosexual mode: Genital-Locomotor Mode ● Psychosocial Crisis: Initiative Vs. Guilt ● Basic Strength: Purpose ● Core pathology: Inhibition PLAY AGE (ages 3-5 years old) Identifying their parents, developing locomotion, language skills, curiosity, imagination and the ability to set goals.

Genital-Locomotor Mode the interest that play-age children have in genital activity is accompanied by their increasing facility at locomotion.

too much guilt.

● 4th stage: School Age ● Psychosexual mode: Latency ● Psychosocial crisis: Industry Vs. Inferiority ● Basic strength: Competence ● Core pathology: Inertia

SCHOOL AGE (Age 6 to approximately 12-13) Social world of children: family, peers, teachers and other adult models. their wish to know becomes strong and tied to their basic striving for competence. strive to read, write, learn skills. time of social growth.

Initiative Vs. Guilt

Latency Mode

developing a sense of responsibility enables them to be "Initiative" and taking action with a purpose.

Erikson agreed with Freud that school-age is a period of psychosexual latency.

Guilt feelings may arise if the child is irresponsible or if there are some fantasies that do not match their needs and culture.

Sexual Latency is important because it allows children to divert their energies to

learning the technology of their culture and the strategies of their social interaction. Self-image are the origin of Ego Identitythat feeling of "I" or "me-ness" Industry Vs. inferiority ● Industry- a Syntonic quality, means industrious, a willingness to remain busy with something and to finish a job. ● Inferiority- if their works are insufficient to accomplish their goals, they acquire a sense of Inferiority (dystonic quality).

COMPETENCE the confidence to use one's physical and cognitive abilities to solve the problems that accompany school age. INERTIA regression, nonproductive play

● 5th stage: Adolescence ● Psychosexual mode: Puberty ● Psychosocial crisis: Identity Vs. Identity Confusion ● Basic strength: Fidelity ● Core pathology: Role repudiation

one of the most crucial developmental stages; a person must gain a form of Ego Identity at the end of this period. adaptive phase of personality development, a period of trial and error. PUBERTY Mode genital maturation for most young people, genital maturation presents no major sexual crisis. Identity Vs. Identity Confusion Identity emerges from two (2) sources: 1. Adolescents' affirmation or repudiation of childhood identifications. 2. Historical and social contexts, which encourage conformity to certain standards. Identity Confusion- a syndrome of problems that includes a divided self-image, inability to establish intimacy, sense of time urgency, lack of concentration, rejection of family or community standards.

FIDELITY Faith in one's ideology (political, religious, social) ROLE REPUDIATION

ADOLESCENCE (Puberty to young adulthood, 12-20)

non-workable identity by: 1. Diffidence --> an extreme lack of self-trust or self-confidence.

expressed as shyness or hesitancy to express oneself.

mature love means commitment, sexual passion, cooperation, friendship

2. Defiance --> act of rebelling against authority.

EXCLUSIVITY

● 6th stage: Young Adulthood ● Psychosexual mode: Genitality ● Psychosocial crisis: Intimacy Vs. Isolation ● Basic strength: Love ● Core pathology: Exclusivity

YOUNG ADULTHOOD (above age 19-30) face the developmental task of forming intimate relationship with others. GENITALITY Mode true genitality can develop only during young adulthood when it is distinguished by mutual trust and a stable sharing of sexual satisfactions with a loved person. Intimacy Vs. isolation ● Intimacy- ability to fuse that identity with the identity of another person without fear of losing it. ● Isolation- inability to take chances with one's identity by sharing true intimacy. LOVE Erikson defined love as: mature devotion that overcomes basic differences between men and women.

block one's ability to cooperate, compete, or compromise- all prerequisite ingredients for intimacy and love.

● 7th stage: Adulthood ● Psychosexual mode: Procreativity ● Psychosocial crisis: Generativity Vs. Stagnation ● Basic strength: Care ● Core pathology: Rejectivity

ADULTHOOD (Age 31-60) the time when people begin to take place in society and assume responsibility for whatever society produces. PROCREATIVITY Mode refers to more than genital contact with an intimate partner. includes assuming responsibility for the care of offspring that result from sexual contact. Generativity Vs. Stagnation ● Generativity- concerned with establishing and guiding the next generation. Includes: procreation, production of work, creation of new things/ideas.

● Stagnation- the feeling of done nothing for the next generation is self-absorption or stagnation. CARE a widening commitment to take care of the persons, the products, and ideas one has learned to care for. (Not a duty or obligation, but a natural desire). REJECTIVITY is the unwillingness to take care of certain persons or groups.

odors, embraces, and perhaps genital stimulation). include a greater appreciation for the traditional lifestyle of the opposite sex. Integrity Vs. Despair ● Integrity- a feeling of wholeness and coherence, an ability to hold together one's sense of "I-ness" despite diminishing physical and intellectual powers. ● Despair- to be without hope. WISDOM

● 8th stage: Old Age ● Psychosexual mode: Generalized Sexuality ● Psychosocial crisis: Integrity Vs. Despair ● Basic strength: Wisdom ● Core pathology: Disdain OLD AGE final stage of development; age 60 to the end of life. can be a time of joy, playfulness, and wonder; but it is also a time for senility, depression and despair. a person reflect on the past and either pieces together a positive review or concludes that life has not been spent well. GENERALIZED SEXUALITY Mode to take pleasure in a variety of different physical sensations (sights, sounds, tastes,

Erikson defined wisdom as: informed and detached concern do not lack concern; rather, the exhibit an active but dispassionate interest. DISDAIN a reaction to feeling (and seeing others) in an increasing state of being finished, confused, helpless. Disdain is a continuation of Rejectivity, the core pathology of adulthood....