Evolution on Nanoelectronics PDF

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Evolution on Nano electronics California State University, Fullerton United States of America

1. ABSTRACT: The basic reason for writing this paper is to study the evolution of nano electronics. Nano electronics is using nano materials in the field of electronics. With the evolution of nano electronics, it is possible to implement a large circuit on a small area. Nano electronics has made it possible to improve the efficiency of the chip used. Here, in this paper we are going to study how the nano electronics concept evolved from the basic idea of nano technology suggested by Physicist Richard Feynman. This paper also studies the prediction that the transistor size decreases gradually along the years and the cost of manufacturing associated with it. Moore’s law plays a vital role in determining these characteristics. We will also study the properties exhibited by nano substances with respect to melting point and color. The applications of nano electronics in various electronic devices would also be considered in this paper. Further, we will have an insight on the benefits human race has got from this technology and the potential drawbacks associated with it.

2. EXPLAINING NANO ELECTRONICS: Nano electronics basically is the use of nanotechnology in the field of electronics. Before understanding the term Nano electronics, it is important to understand the meaning of the term Nanotechnology. Let us first understand the history and basic concept of nanotechnology before proceeding towards Nano electronics.

3. WHAT IS NANO TECHNOLOGY? : Nanotechnology is science, engineering, and technology that is conducted at the nanoscale i.e. about 1 to 100 nanometers, especially with respect to the dimensions and tolerance of the device used. The father of this technological concept of nanotechnology is Physicist Richard Feynman.

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4. BACKGROUND OF NANO TECHNOLOGY: Much of the work that is done today with the name ‘nanotechnology’ is not nanotechnology in the original meaning of the word. The history of nanotechnology is derived from the development of the concepts and experimental work that falls under the broad category of nanotechnology. Nanotechnology traditionally means building things from the bottom up, with atomic precision. This theoretical capability was envisioned as early as 1959 by the renowned physicist Richard Feynman, from California Institute of Technology.

“I want to build a billion tiny factories, models of each other, which are manufacturing simultaneously. . . The principles of physics, as far as I can see, do not speak against the possibility of maneuvering things atom by atom. It is not an attempt to violate any laws; it is something, in principle, that can be done; but in practice, it has not been done because we are too big.” — Richard Feynman, Nobel Prize winner in physics.

The video below helps us understand what Physicist Richard Feynman wanted to convey through his concept of “There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom” at an American Physical Society meeting at Caltech on December 29, 1959, which is the basic idea that drove to the research in the field of nanotechnology.

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Feynman pointed out a number of interesting factors of a general ability to manipulate matter on an atomic scale. He was particularly enthusiastic about the possibilities of denser computer circuitry, and microscopes that could see things much smaller than is possible with scanning electron microscopes. These ideas were later realized by the use of the scanning tunneling microscope, the atomic force microscope and other examples scanning probe microscopy and storage systems such as Millipede, created by researchers at IBM. Feynman also suggested that it should be possible, in principle, to make nanoscale machines that "arrange the atoms the way we want", and do chemical synthesis by mechanical manipulation. He also presented the possibility of "swallowing the doctor," an idea that he credited in the essay to his friend and graduate student Albert Hibbs. This concept involved building a tiny, swallowable surgical robot. The concept was materialized later after many years which now helps doctors diagnose patients and has bypassed traditional endoscopy. Feynman in his research stated that as the size goes smaller, we would have to redesign some tools, because the relative strength of various forces would be no longer same. Here, surface tension would become more important and the gravity would no longer be important because of the small size. Also the Van der Waals attraction would become more important in the case of nanotechnology. In 1980s, the concept of nanotechnology caused the convergence of experimental advances such as the invention of scanning tunneling microscope (invented in 1981) and the discovery of fullerenes(discovered in 1985) with the clarification of a concept for the goals of nanotechnology in the book called ‘Engines of Creation’ (published in 1986). This field of nanotechnology caught people’s attention with curiosity to know about it in the early 2000s. People realized the importance of nanotechnology gradually. Also, the government started funding for the research on the subject which made research on the topic feasible. The early 2000s also saw the beginnings of commercial applications of nanotechnology, although these were limited to bulk applications of nanomaterials rather than the transformative applications envisioned by the field. The best example for this is mobile phone evolution whose technology has been constantly subject to change and is improvised as years pass by.

5. NANO TECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS: Nanotechnology is used in everyday goods that we use. Nanoscale additives in polymer composite materials for various goods we use in our day to day life including baseball bats, tennis rackets, motorcycle helmets, automobile bumpers, luggage, and power tool housings can make them simultaneously lightweight, stiff, durable, and resilient. These additives are also used in surface treatments of fabrics that help them resist staining, wrinkling, and bacterial growth, 3|Page

and provide lightweight ballistic energy deflection in personal body armor. Nanoscale thin films on eyeglasses, computer and camera displays, windows, and other such surfaces can make them water-repellent, antireflective, self-cleaning, resistant to ultraviolet or infrared light, anti-fog, antimicrobial, scratch-resistant, or electrically conductive. Nanoscale materials are also used in cosmetic products to provide greater clarity or coverage, cleansing, absorption, personalization, and antioxidant, anti-microbial, and other health properties in sunscreens, cleansers, complexion treatments, creams and lotions, shampoos, and specialized makeup. Nano-engineered materials in the food industry also include nanocomposites in food containers to minimize carbon dioxide leakage out of carbonated beverages, or reduce oxygen inflow, moisture outflow, or the growth of bacteria in order to keep food fresher and safer, longer. Nano sensors built into plastic packaging can warn against spoiled food. Nano sensors are being developed to detect salmonella, pesticides, and other contaminates on food before packaging and distribution. Nanotechnology is already used in many computing, communication and other types of electronics application which provides faster, smaller and more portable systems that can manage and store lager amount of data. Nanoscale transistors are faster, more powerful, and increasingly energy-efficient. Magnetic random access memory (MRAM) enabled by nanometer‐scale magnetic tunnel junctions can quickly and effectively save even encrypted data during a system shutdown or crash, enable resume‐play features, and gather vehicle accident data. Displays for many new TVs, laptop computers, cell phones, digital cameras, and other devices incorporate nanostructured polymer films known as organic light-emitting diodes, or OLEDs. OLED screens offer brighter images in a flat format, as well as wider viewing angles, lighter weight, better picture density, lower power consumption, and longer lifetimes.

Nanotechnology is also implemented in the field of medicines. It was first implemented in the year 2001. The bot is called as PillCam. The PillCam is a capsule that contains a light and a camera that a patient swallows. Images beamed wirelessly from the capsule can be analyzed and used for diagnostic purposes, thus replacing procedures like the traditional endoscopy, in which a flexible tube containing a flashlight and camera is inserted into the digestive tract. Nanotechnology thus has become a part and parcel our day today life.

6. NANO ELECTRONICS AND ITS RELATION WITH MOORE’S LAW: 4|Page

As we have a basic idea of what nanotechnology is, we can gradually start discussing the concept of Nano electronics. In 1965 Gordon Moore (co-founder of Intel and Fairchild Semiconductor) observed that silicon transistors were undergoing a continual process of scaling downward, an observation which was later codified as Moore's law. Moore’s law States that the number of transistors in a dense integrated circuit doubles approximately every two years. Since his observation transistor minimum feature sizes have decreased from 10 micrometers to the 28-22 nm range in 2011. The field of Nano electronics aims to enable the continued realization of this law by using new methods and materials to build electronic devices with feature sizes on the nanoscale. Let us consider an example of microprocessor manufactured by the company Intel which clearly infers the proof for Moore’s law.

Graph Source: http://forums.anandtech.com/showthread.php?t=2337913

The graph plots the number of transistors per integrated circuit along with the year in which it was manufactured. From the graph we can clearly depict that the number of transistors has almost doubled every two years.

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To understand the above graph, let us study the table below which tells us the number of transistors an Intel processor has used. The table also gives the information for the Semiconductor device fabrication and the area of the chip. Processor Name

Number of Transistors

Year introduced

Intel 4004

2300

1971

Intel 8008

3500

1972

Process 10,000 nm 10,000 nm

Area

Intel 8080 Intel 8085 Intel 8086

4500 6500 29000

1974 1976 1978

6,000 nm 3,000 nm 3,000 nm

20 mm² 20 mm² 33 mm²

Intel 8088 Intel 80186 Intel 80286 Intel 80386 Intel i960

29000 55000 134000 275000 250000

1979 1982 1982 1985 1988

3,000 nm 3,000 nm 1,500 nm 1,500 nm 600 nm

33 mm² 60 mm² 49 mm² 104 mm²

Intel 80486 Pentium

1180235 3100000

1989 1993

1000 nm 800 nm

173 mm² 294 mm²

Pentium Pro Pentium II Klamath Pentium II Deschutes

5500000 7500000 7500000

1995 1997 1998

500 nm 350 nm 250 nm

307 mm² 195 mm² 113 mm²

Pentium III Katmai Pentium III Coppermine

9500000 21000000

1999 2000

250 nm 180 nm

128 mm² 80 mm²

Pentium II Mobile Dixon Pentium III Tualatin Pentium 4 Willamette

27400000 45000000 42000000

1999 2001 2000

180 nm 130 nm 180 nm

180 mm² 81 mm² 217 mm²

Pentium 4 Northwood Pentium 4 Prescott

55000000 112000000

2002 2004

130 nm 90 nm

145 mm² 110 mm²

Pentium 4 Prescott-2M Pentium 4 Cedar Mill Pentium D Smithfield

169000000 184000000 228000000

2005 2006 2005

90 nm 65 nm 90 nm

143 mm² 90 mm² 206 mm²

Pentium D Presler Atom

362000000 47000000

2006 2008

65 nm 45 nm

162 mm² 24 mm²

Itanium 2 McKinley Core 2 Duo Conroe Core 2 Duo Allendale

220000000 291000000 169000000

2002 2006 2007

180 nm 65 nm 65 nm

421 mm² 143 mm² 111 mm²

Itanium 2 Madison 6M Core 2 Duo Wolfdale 3M

410000000 230000000

2003 2008

130 nm 45 nm

374 mm² 83 mm²

12 mm² 14 mm²

Itanium 2 with 9 MB cache Core 2 Duo Wolfdale Core i7 (Quad) Quad-core + GPU Core i7 Six-core Core i7 (Gulftown)

592000000 411000000 731000000 1160000000 1170000000

2004 130 nm 2007 45 nm 2008 45 nm 2011 32 nm 2010 32 nm

432 mm² 107 mm² 263 mm² 216 mm² 240 mm²

Quad-core + GPU Core i7 Ivy Bridge

1400000000

2012

160 mm²

22 nm

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Quad-core + GPU Core i7 Haswell Dual-core Itanium 2 Quad-core + GPU GT2 Core i7 Skylake K

1400000000 1700000000 cca 1,750,000,000

2014 2006 2015

22 nm 90 nm 14 nm

177 mm² 596 mm² 122 mm²

Six-core Core i7 Ivy Bridge E Duo-core + GPU Iris Core i7 Broadwell-U

1860000000 1900000000

2013 2015

22 nm 14 nm

256 mm² 133 mm²

Six-core Xeon 7400 Quad-core Itanium Tukwila (Sandy Bridge-E/EP)

1900000000 2000000000 2270000000

2008 2010 2011

45 nm 65 nm 32 nm

503 mm² 699 mm² 434 mm²

8-core Xeon Nehalem-EX 8-core Core i7 Haswell-E

2300000000 2600000000

2010 2014

45 nm 22 nm

684 mm² 355 mm²

10-core Xeon Westmere-EX 8-core Itanium Poulson 15-core Xeon Ivy Bridge-EX

2600000000 3100000000 4310000000

2011 2012 2014

32 nm 32 nm 22 nm

512 mm² 544 mm² 541 mm²

5000000000 5560000000 ~7,200,000,000

2012 2014 2016

22 nm 22 nm 14 nm

350 mm² 661 mm² 456 mm²

61-core Xeon Phi 18-core Xeon Haswell-E5 22-core Xeon Broadwell-E5

Table Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor_count From the table and the graph, we can state that what Moore had predicted is actually becoming the future of our technology.

Image Source: http://paginas.fe.up.pt/~acbrito/laudon/ch6/chpt6-1fulltext.htm

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The exponential growth in the number of transistors used on the processor leads to the decline in the cost per transistor as the technology goes cheaper and cheaper as years go by. Chip manufacturers continue to miniaturize the size of the chip. Intel has been reducing the component size from 10000 nm used in 1971 to about 14nm used in 2016. This size is comparable to the smallest form of organic life, virus, whose size is about 20 to 400 nanometers in diameter.

Now, the question is until when will this law be obeyed? We are uncertain about the future if devices in future will still obey to this principle. However, there may be a new technology which may further downgrade the process. Pico scaling may be implemented in future. However, scientists are still researching on the emerging technology called as “Pico Technology”.

7. NANO ELECTRONICS AND ITS EFFECT ON THE MATERIAL USED: When we implement anything in nanoscale, many common materials exhibit unusual properties including decrease in resistivity, lower melting points or faster chemical reactions. Let us consider gold’s behavior in macro and nanoscale. In macro scale as we all know gold is shiny metal with yellow color. However, when the gold particles are of around 25nm in size, they appear red instead of shiny yellow. The reason to this surprising phenomenon is that the smaller particles react differently with light. Depending on the size and shape of particle, it can appear red, yellow or blue. At macro scale the color of the gold would be like this as shown in below figure:

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Image Source: https://www.teachengineering.org/activities/view/uoh_nano_lesson02_activity4 However, at nano scale it would appear red:

Image Source: http://education.mrsec.wisc.edu/35.htm

Thus depending on the size of particle the color of the material used changes.

In bulk a gold has higher melting point of around 1000 degrees Celsius. However, by reducing the bulk gold to few nano particles, i.e. to a nano scale, one can observe decrease in the melting point. This is primarily because when you decrease the size of particle, there is a significant increase in the surface to volume ratio. It is also observed that gold behaves like a semiconductor in nano scale and behaves like a metal i.e. conductor in bulk scale.

Following graph is helpful to study melting point of gold nanoparticle:

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Graph Source: http://www.carolina.com/teacher-resources/Interactive/what's-so-unusual-aboutnanomaterial-melting-points%3F/tr23010.tr

From the graph it is clear that the melting point of the gold particle decreases as its size reduces.

Strange behavior is observed even in other nano scale materials. In bulk aluminum isn’t magnetic. However, if we have small clusters of aluminum, we observe that the atoms are magnetic. Thus, we can infer that the properties of material we observe in our day to day life may not be observed when the same material is used under nano scale. Thus, it is very important to study the properties of those materials in nano scale as well. However, there are few elements like silicon which substantially don’t change as much other materials do in the nano scale. This phenomenon makes them ideal for transistors and other devices. There may be many other characteristics that we find in bulk, but may not find in the nano scale.

Thus, this changed behavior of any nanomaterial has a huge impact on the manufacturing of chip which needs to be taken care while designing a chip using degraded nanoscaling.

8. NANO TECHNOLOGY APPLIED TO VARIOUS ELECTRONIC DEVICES I.E. NANO ELECTRONICS AND ITS DEVICES:

A) TRANSISTORS 10 | P a g e

Nano electronics is basically applying nanotechnology in the field of electronics and electronic components. Although nano electronics may generally mean all the electronic devices, but special attention is given in the case of transistor because transistor is considered to be the basic component of all electronic devices. Nano electronics in transistor is using transistor that is typically lesser than 100 nano meter in size. Visibly they are very minute, and. Thus it is very important to study the quantum mechanical properties associated and inter atomic design. As a result, the transistor appears in nano meter range and are designed using nano technology. The design process of such transistors is also very different than conventional transistors.

Image Source: http://develissimo.com/es/online-shop/product/darlington-transistor-tip112/

B) THE MOSFET TRANSISTOR A Metal Oxide Semiconducting Field Effect Transistor i.e. MOSFET is basically a switch and is the basic of many integrated circuits available in the market. MOSFET is thus one of the major technology found nearly in all electronic devices. It is thus one of the most important inventions a man has made in the field of electronics. They work on the basic principle of varying resistance flow within a given circuit.

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Image Source: https://nice.asu.edu/nano/metal-oxide-semiconductor-field-effect-transistormosfet

MOSFETS contain 3 dimensions and have 3 electrodes, viz. the gate, the drain and the source. It works on few electronic basics applied with these 3 electrodes. The body of MOSFET is connected to the drain and the source and can be shared with other MOSFETs and are separated from each other by a channel. The insulator separates the metal or polysilicon gate from the drain and the s...