Evolution Unit Test Review Sheet Bio 120 PDF

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For professor Lauren Kuta. Review sheet filled out for the Evolution test...

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Evolution Review Sheet ⦿ Homologous Structure: those that are similar in form but not in function. ⦿ Vestigial Structure: those that exist in modern organisms but no longer have a valid modern use (whale pelvis, appendix) ⦿ Analogous Structure: those that are functionally similar (i.e. they have the same “job”) but structurally very different. ⦿ Eukaryotic Cells: Eukaryotic cells, including plants, fungi, protista and animals. Most advanced cell type. Larger. More complex. Many organelles (Mitochondria, Chloroplast, Nucleus) ⦿ Prokaryotic Cells: Bacteria. Includes most of the common bacteria we interact with every day. Soil bacteria from a forest or your garden. Streptococcus bacteria that cause strep throat. The bacterial populations living on your desk and pen right now. ⦿ Absolute Dating: get us an actual year by measuring the amount of radioactive atoms that is left in a sample ⦿ Reproductive Isolation: Courtship: ● Habitat: Species at the same locale occupy different habitats ● Temporal Isolation: Species reproduce at different times of day, month or year, or have seasonal fluctuations ● Behavioral Isolation: The courting or mating behaviors of a species do not match Mating: ● Mechanical Isolation: Genitals do not match or are otherwise incompatible ● Gamete Isolation: Sperm cannot reach or fertilize egg Fertilization: ● Zygote Mortality: fertilization occurs, but zygote does not survive ● Hybrid Sterility: Hybrid offspring survives but is sterile and cannot reproduce itself ● F2 Fitness: Hybrid survives but resultant offspring are unhealthy and do not survive long ⦿ Relative Dating: the science of determining the relative order of past events (i.e., the age of an object in comparison to another), without necessarily determining their absolute age, (i.e. estimated age). ⦿ Mutation: occur naturally and can cause physical changes in the organism. These changes can be good, bad or inconsequential to the organisms survival ⦿ Speciation: (the formation of a new and distinct species) occurs when three conditions are met: ● Separation of the gene pool ● Genetic divergence by microevolution ● Development of a mechanism for reproductive isolation (may be physical, behavioral or geographic) o The first two requirements, separation of a gene pool and genetic divergence/ microevolution can occur without a new species forming o Reproductive barriers always form a new species because one of the requirements for a species is that its members be able to interbreed ⦿ Natural Selection: the idea that the organism that is best adapted to the environment is more likely to survive and reproduce, and when it does, it will pass its adaptations on to its offspring ⦿ Adaptation: White fur on polar bears, Opposable thumbs on primates, Scales on a fish, Loss of limbs on a snake, Waxy coating on a cactus ⦿ H.M.S. Beagle: “Cherokee” Class, 10-gun, Brig of the British Navy ● Launched May 11th, 1820 ● Captain during Darwin’s Voyage- Robert FitzRoy, age 23 ● Mainly a mapping ship- sailed twice under FitzRoy to SA & Tierra del Fuego ⦿ Microevolution: Change in gene frequency of a population over time

1. Who was Charles Darwin? What role did he play in establishing evolutionary theory? What areas did he visit while developing his theory? ● Sailed across the Atlantic to the South American Coast ● Circled around the southernmost tip of SA- Tierra del Fuego ● Sailed northward on SA’s west coast ● Stopped briefly at Galapagos ● Back to Britain by way of New Zealand 2. What is natural selection? Why does it occur? How does it change an organism? ● Natural selection is the idea Darwin came up with based on his observations ● Natural selection is the idea that the organism that is best adapted to the environment is more likely to survive and reproduce, and when it does, it will pass its adaptations on to its offspring ● An organism that is born with a random mutation that HELPS it to survive is going to pass that trait on to its offspring. That trait will increase in the population. ● Organisms that are born with negative traits are less likely to survive, and those traits will not be passed on. 3. What are adaptations? How do they help organisms to survive? ● White fur on polar bears ● Opposable thumbs on primates ● Scales on a fish ● Loss of limbs on a snake ● Waxy coating on a cactus ● Individuals whose unique characteristics are well-suited for an environment tend to survive and produce more offspring. Offspring then inherit these traits which results in adaptation 4. What evidence has been accumulated over the years to show that evolution does occur? There are six types of evidence scientists have compiled that show how organisms change over time ● Fossils: allow us to see physical structures from long-dead organisms ● Comparative Anatomy: We can look at bone structures and find similarities that allow us to define relationships through time. ● Homologous: those that are similar in form but not in function. ● Analogous: those that are functionally similar (i.e. they have the same “job”) but structurally very different. ● vestigial structures: those that exist in modern organisms but no longer have a valid modern use (whale pelvis, appendix) ● Comparative Embryology: The embryos of related species appear very similar in early development, and have similar features and parts ● Biogeography: By looking at the locations of fossils found around the globe, we can determine the arrangement of continental plates and continents in the distant past ● Molecular Biology: ● Similarities in DNA structure can also reveal evolutionary relationships ● We can examine the DNA directly, or look at that which DNA creates– amino acid sequences and proteins ● If similarities exist in proteins and amino acid sequences, they also exist in the DNA of that organism ● The more similarities there are, the closer related the two species are ● Convergence:

● Evolutionary convergence occurs when multiple different organisms solve similar problems in a similar way ● The physical structure of their adaptations may differ, but the solutions are the same ● Example: Flight as method for finding food, travelling and avoiding predators 5. What role did the H.M.S. Beagle play in collecting this evidence? “Cherokee” Class, 10-gun, Brig of the British Navy Launched May 11th, 1820 Captain during Darwin’s Voyage- Robert FitzRoy, age 23 Mainly a mapping ship- sailed twice under FitzRoy to SA & Tierra del Fuego 6. How has modern technology improved our ability to gather evidence that supports evolutionary theory? 7. How can embryos be used to prove evolution occurs? How can DNA be used to prove evolution occurs? ⦿ The embryos of related species appear very similar in early development, and have similar features and parts

⦿ Similarities in DNA structure can also reveal evolutionary relationships ⦿ We can examine the DNA directly, or look at that which DNA creates– amino acid sequences and proteins ⦿ If similarities exist in proteins and amino acid sequences, they also exist in the DNA of that organism ⦿ The more similarities there are, the closer related the two species are

8. How did the following organisms provide more evidence in support of evolutionary theory? ● Peppered Moths: Since the light moths are best adapted to light trees, they were most likely to survive and reproduce, and were the most common. After the English Industrial Revolution caused soot to build up on tree bark, the dark phase slowly became more prominent, because its color pattern was the better adaptation. ● Tortoises: the ones that live in the Galapagos have notched shells allow necks to stretch to highest trees ● Finches: beak shapes correspond to feeding habits 9. What role does the fossil record play in providing evidence for evolution? How are fossils aged? What is the difference between relative dating and absolute dating? How can absolute dating be used to get an exact age of a fossil? Fossils allow us to see physical structures from long-dead organisms Fossils can be aged using relative or absolute dating • Relative Dating: the science of determining the relative order of past events (i.e., the age of an object in comparison to another), without necessarily determining their absolute age, (i.e. estimated age). • Absolute Dating: Absolute dating can get us an actual year by measuring the amount of radioactive atoms that is left in a sample

10.What is the difference between the punctuated equilibria theory of evolutionary change and gradualism? ● If it changes slowly and steadily over time, this is called “gradualism.” ● If the population changes rapidly in spurts, separated by periods of little change, this punctuated equilibrium 11.How are do new species evolve? What three things have to happen in order for a new species to emerge? Variation Mutation Adaption 12.What is the difference between natural and artificial selection? Natural selection is when genes are passed on naturally through animal intercourse. Artificial selection is when they are passed on unnaturally through human intervention examples would be breeding and artificial insemination. 13.How are organisms in today’s world categorized? (K→P→C→O→F→G→S) Kingdom-animal-obligate heterotropits Phylum-Chordata, sub phylum vetebrata All have a nerve cord and backbone Class-Mammalia-feed offspring with milk from mammary glands, hair/fur Order-carnivore- meat eaters with exaggerated canine teeth Family-CanidaeGenus-canis Species – canis familiaris 14.What basic characteristics are shared by each of the major domains—eukarya and archaea? What basic characteristics are shared by the major kingdoms? ● Eubacteria—modern bacteria ● Protista—the single celled heterotrophs ● Fungi—fungus & mushrooms ● Plantae—plants, trees, etc ● Animalia—animals Eukarya ◼ Eukaryotic cells, including plants, fungi, protista and animals ◼ Most advanced cell type ◼ Larger ◼ More complex ◼ Many organelles ◼ Mitochondria ◼ Chloroplast ◼ Nucleus Ex) animal, plant, fungal cells ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼

Archaea Includes the bacteria from extreme environments, such as undersea vents and shelf ice in the Arctic Very ancient species included here Small cells Simple Have DNA Have cell membrane...