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E X E R C I S E

Overview of the Skeleton: Classification and Structure of Bones and Cartilages 5mi n u t e s . Ti meAl l o t me nt :4 eAp p e nd i xBf orGu i d et oMu l t i me d i aRe s o u r c e Mul t i me di aRe s o ur c e s :Se Di s t r i b ut or s . S e eEx e r c i s e6f o rh i s t ol o g yl i s t i n g s . Pr ac t i c eAn a t omyLa b ™3 . 0( PAL)( DVD,we b s i t e ) S k e l e t alS y s t e m:TheI nf r as t r u c t ur e( FHS:25mi n ut e s ,DVD,3 y e a rs t r e a mi n gwe b c a s t ) So l ut i o ns : Hy d r o c h l o r i cAc i d( HCl ) ,10 % Ad d3 6mi l l i l i t e r so fc o nc e n t r a t e dHClt o2 0 0mi l l i l i t e r sofd i s t i l l e dwa t e r .Ad dwa t e rt oafin a l v ol u meo f3 6 0mi l l i l i t e r s .

Laboratory Materials Ordering information is based on a lab size of 24 students, working in groups of 4. A list of supply house addresses appears in Appendix A.

Ar t i c u l a t e ds k e l e t o n Nu mb e r e dd i s a r t i c u l a t e dbo n e s s ho wi n gf ou rt yp e s 2 4c omp o un dmi c r o s c op e s ,l e n s p a pe r ,l e n sc l e a n i n gs ol u t i o n Lo n gb on es a we dl o n g i t u di n a l l y

Lo n gb on es o a k e di n1 0 % HClor v i n e g a r Lo n gb on eb a k e da t 25 0 ° F 2 4s l i de so fgr ou n db o ne( c r os s s e c t i on ) Di s p os a bl eg l o v e s

3 Dmod e l sofmi c r o s c o pi c s t r u c t ur eo fc o mpa c tbo n e 2 4s l i de so fde v e l op i n gl o n gb on e u n de r g o i n ge n d oc h o n dr a l o s s i fic a t i on

Advance Preparation 1 .I fy o uh a v eal o c a l s o u r c e , a r r a n g et oh a v eal o n gb o n es a we dl o n g i t u d i n a l l y . Ke e pr e f r i g e r a t e do rf r o z e nu n t i l u s e d . Pr e s e r v e d , s a we dl o n gb o n e sc a nb eu s e di n s t e a d . Pr o v i d ed i s p o s a b l eg l o v e sa t t h ed e mo n s t r a t i o na r e a . 2 .Ba k es omel o n gb o ne s( c h i c k e no rt ur k e yb o ne swor kwe l l )a t25 0 ° Ff o r2ho u r so ru nt i lt h e ya r ebr i t t l ea nd s na porc r umb l ee a s i l y . Pr e pa r et h e s et hed a yb e f o r el a bob s e r v a t i on sa r et ot a k ep l a c e . 3 .So a ks omel o n gb on e si n1 0 %h y d r oc h l or i ca c i do rv i ne g a run t i lfle x i bl e . Ov e r n i gh ts o a ki n gi su s u a l l y s uffic i e n tf o rt heh y d r o c h l o r i ca c i d;v i ne g a rwi l lt a k el on g e r .Pr e p a r ewe l li na d v a nc e . 4 .Pr e p a r en umb e r e ds a mp l e so fl on g ,s ho r t ,fla t ,a n di r r e g u l a rbo n e s . Th e s ec a nbes e to u ta tas t a t i o ni nt h el a b

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wh e r es t u d e nt sc a nwor koni d e nt i fic a t i o n. 5 .Puto u tp r e pa r e ds l i d e sofg r o u ndb on e( c r o s ss e c t i o n)a n dde v e l op i n gl o n gb on eu nd e r g o i n ge n do c h o nd r a l o s s i fic a t i on . Al s os e to utl e n sp a pe ra ndl e nsc l e a ni n gs ol u t i o n,a n dha v ec omp o un dmi c r os c o pe sa v a i l a b l e . 6 .Se to u tmo d e l soft h emi c r o s c op i cs t r uc t u r eo fb o ne .

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Comments and Pitfalls 1 .St u de n t sma yi n i t i a l l yh a v es o met r o u bl ec l a s s i f yi n gbo n e sb ys ha p e ;o t h e rt h a nt h a t ,t hi sl a bs h ou l dc a us eno p r o b l e ms . 2 .Emp h a s i z et h a ta l ll o n gbo n e sh a v eal on ga x i s ,bu ts o mel o n gb o ne sa r emu c hs h o r t e rt ha no t he r s !Lo n g b o ne si n c l u d emo s to ft heb o ne soft h eu pp e ra n dl o we rl i mb s( h u me r us ,r a di us ,u l n a , f e mu r ,t i b i a ,fib u l a , me t a c a r p a l s ,me t a t a r s a l s ,p ha l a n g e s ) .Sh o r tb on e si nc l u det h ec a r pa l sa ndt het a r s a l s .Fl a tbo n e sa r et h i na n d i n c l ud et heb o ne soft h er o o fo ft hec r a n i a lc a vi t y , s t e r n u m,s c a p u l a , a n dr i b s .I r r e g u l a rb on e si nc l u des ome s k ul lb on e s , t h ev e r t e b r a e , a n dp o s s i b l yb o ne soft h ep e l v i cg i r d l e .Bo ne si n c l u d e di ne a c hoft h e s ec a t e g o r i e s v a r yf r o ma u t ho rt oa u t h o r .

Answers to Pre-Lab Quiz (p.103) 1 .b ,p r o d uc t i ono fme l a n i n 2 .a x i a l 3 .b ,fib r o c a r t i l a g e 4 .d i a ph y s i s 5 .a ,o s t e o n

Answers to Activity Questions Activity 2: Examining the Effects of Heat and Hydrochloric Acid on Bones (p.108) Th ehe a t e db on ei sv e r yb r i t t l ea n dr e s po n dst og e n t l ep r e s s ur eb yb r e a ki n g . Th ea c i d t r e a t e dbo n ei sv e r yfle x i bl e . Th ea c i da pp e a r st or e mo v et h ec a l c i u ms a l t sf r o mt h eb o ne . He a t i n gd r i e so utt h eo r g a n i cma t r i x . Th ea c i d t r e a t e dbo n emo s tc l os e l yr e s e mb l e st heb o ne sofac h i l dwi t hr i c k e t s .

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R E V I E W

8

NAME _____________________________ LAB TIME/DATE ____________________

S H E E T

EXERCISE

Overview of the Skeleton: Classification and Structure of Bones and Cartilages Cartilages of the Skeleton i n gt hek e yc h o i c e s ,i de n t i f ye a c ht y peo fc a r t i l a g ed e s c r i be d( i nt e r msofi t sb od yl o c a t i o no rf u nc t i on )b e l o w. 1 .Us Ke y :a .e l a s t i c

b .fib r oc a r t i l a g e

c .h y a l i n e

a ;e l as t i c

1 .s u pp o r t st h ee x t e r na le a rb ;fi br o c a r t i l a g e

b ;fib r o c a r t i l a g e

2 .b e t we e nt h ev e r t e b r a e

c ;h y al i n e

c ;h y a l i n e

3 .f or mst h ewa l l so ft he v oi c eb o x( l a r yn x)

b ;fi br o c a r t i l a g e

a ;e l as t i c

4 .t h ee p i g l o t t i s

c ;h y a l i n e

5 .a r t i c u l a rc a r t i l a g e s

6 .me ni s c u si nakn e ej oi n t 7 .c o nn e c t st h er i b st ot he s t e r nu m 8 .mos te ffe c t i v ea t r e s i s t i n g c o mp r e s s i o n

a ;e l as t i c

9 .mos ts pr i n g ya ndfle x i b l e

c ;h y al i n e

1 0 .mo s ta bu n da n t

Classification of Bones ef o urma j o ra n a t o mi c a lc l a s s i fic a t i on so fb on e sa r el on g , s ho r t ,fla t ,a n di r r e g u l a r . Wh i c hc a t e g o r yh a st h el e a s ta mou n t 2 .Th o fs p on g yb on er e l a t i v et oi t st o t a lv o l u me ?Lo n g a s s i f ye a c ho ft h eb on e si nt h ec h a r tb e l o wa se i t he rl o n g , s h o r t , fla t ,ori r r e g u l a rb yp l a c i n gac h e c kma r ki nt h e 3 .Cl a p p r o pr i a t ec o l u mn . Al s ous eac h e c kma r kt oi n d i c a t ewh e t h e rt h eb o nei sap a r to ft h ea x i a lort h ea p pe n d i c u l a rs k e l e t o n. Us eFi g ur e8. 1a sagu i d e .

Long

Short



Sternum Radius Calcaneus (tarsal bone)

Flat



Irregular

Axial skeleton

Appendicular skeleton

 



Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.



Parietal bone (cranial bone)



Phalanx (single bone of a digit)





 

Vertebra



Bone Markings t c ht het e r msi nc o l umnBwi t ht hea p p r o pr i a t ed e s c r i pt i o ni nc o l u mnA. 4 .Ma Column A

Column B

m;s p i ne

1 .s ha r p, s l e n d e rp r o c e s s *

a .c o n d y l e

o ;t ub e r c u l e

2 .s ma l lr o un d e dp r o j e c t i o n*

b .c r e s t

b ;c r e s t

3 .na r r o wr i d g eofbo n e *

c .e p i c o nd y l e

p ;t u be r o s i t y

4 .l a r g er o u nd e dpr o j e c t i o n *

d .f a c e t

h ;h e a d

5 .s t r u c t ur es up p or t e donn e c k†

e .fis s u r e

k ;r a mus

† 6 .a r ml i k ep r o j e c t i on

f .f o r a me n

a ;c o n d y l e

† 7 .r o un d e d,a r t i c u l a rpr o j e c t i on

g .f o s s a

e ;fi s s ur e

‡ 8 .na r r o ws l i t l i k eo pe n i n g

h .h e a d

i ;me a t u s

9 .c a na l l i k es t r u c t u r e

i .me a t u s

f ;f o r a me n

‡ 1 0 .r o un doro v a lo p e ni n gt h r o u g habo n e

g ;f o s s a

1 1 .s ha l l o wd e p r e s s i o n

k .r a mu s

l ;s i nu s

1 2 .a i r fil l e dc a v i t y

l . s i nu s

n ;t r o c h a nt e r

1 3 .l a r g e , i r r e g u l a r l ys ha p e dpr o j e c t i on *

m.s pi n e

c ;e p i c o n d y l e

1 4 .r a i s e da r e aono ra bo v eac o n d y l e *

n .t r o c h a nt e r

j ;pr o c e s s

1 5 .b o n yp r o j e c t i o n

o .t ub e r c u l e

d ;f ac e t

† 1 6 .s mo o t h , ne a r l yfla ta r t i c u l a rs u r f a c e

p .t ub e r o s i t y

j .p r o c e s s

* as i t eofmu s c l ea n dl i g a me nta t t a c h me nt †

t a k e spa r ti nj o i n tf o r ma t i o n

‡

ap a s s a g e wa yf o rn e r v e so rb l o odv e s s e l s

Gross Anatomy of the Typical Long Bone t c ht hek e yt e r mswi t ht h ede s c r i p t i on s . 5 .Ma

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Review Sheet 8

Ke y :a .a r t i c u l a rc a r t i l a g e b .d i a ph y s i s

d .e p i p h y s e a ll i ne e .e p i p h y s i s

c .e n d os t e u m

g .p e r i o s t e um h .r e dma r r o w

f . me d ul l a r yc a v i t y

e

1 .e n dp o r t i o no fal o n gbo n e

b

5 .s c i e n t i fict e r mf o rb on es h a f t

a

2 .h e l p sr e d u c ef r i c t i o na tj o i nt s

f

h

3 .s i t eo fb l oo dc e l lf o r ma t i on

6 .c o n t a i n sy e l l o wma r r o wi na du l t b o n e s

c,g

4 .t wome mb r a n ou ss i t e so fo s t e o pr o g e n i t or c e l l s

7 .g r o wt hp l a t er e mna n t d

6 .Us et h ek e yt e r mst oi d e nt i f yt h es t r uc t u r e sma r k e db yl e a d e rl i n e si nt hed i a gr a ms .( So met e r msa r eus e dmo r et ha non c e ) . a .a r t i c u l a rc a r t i l a g e

e .e p i p h y s e a ll i ne

i .p e r i os t e u m

b .c o mpa c t bo n e

f .e pi p h y s i s

j .s p on g yb on e

c .d i a p h y s i s

g .me du l l a r yc a vi t y

k .y e l l o wbo n ema r r o w

d .e n do s t e um

h .n ut r i e nta r t e r y

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Chemical Composition of Bone ti st hef u nc t i onoft h eo r g a n i cma t r i xi nb on e ?T opr o v i defl e x i b i l i t yan ds t r e n g t h. 7 .Wha met h ei mpo r t a ntor g a n i cb on ec o mpo n e nt s ?Ce l l s , c o l l a g e nfi b e r s ,an dg r o un ds u b s t a nc e( p r o t e o g l y c a n sa nd 8 .Na g l y c o p r ot e i ns ) . l c i u ms a l t sf o r mt h ebu l koft h ei n or g a n i cma t e r i a li nb o ne . Wh a ti st hef u nc t i ono ft h ec a l c i u ms a l t s ?T op r o v i d e 9 .Ca h a r d ne s sa nds t r e n g t han dr e s i s tc o mp r e s s i o n .

ki n gr e mo v e s 1 0 .Ba

wat e ran dor g a n i cc o mp on e nt s

f r o mbo n e . So a ki n gb on ei na c i dr e mo v e s c a l c i u ms a l t s .

Microscopic Structure of Compact Bone v e r a lde s c r i pt i o n so fb on es t r uc t u r ea r eg i v e nbe l o w. I d e nt i f yt h es t r u c t ur ei n v ol v e db yc h oo s i n gt h ea p pr op r i a t et e r m 1 1 .Se f r o mt h ek e ya n dp l a c i n gi t sl e t t e ri nt heb l a n k. Th e n, o nt h eph o t o mi c r o g r a p ho fb o neo nt h er i gh t( 1 7 5×) ,i d e nt i f ya l l s t r u c t ur e s n a me di nt hek e ya nddr a wabr a c k e t e nc l o s i n gas i n g l eos t e on . Ke y :a .c a na l i c u l i d ;l a me l l a c ;l a c u n a b ;c e n t r a lc a n a l a ;c a n a l i c u l i

b . c e nt r a lc a n a l

c . l a c u na

d .l a me l l a

1 .l a y e ro fb o n yma t r i xa r o u nda c e n t r a lc a n a l 2 .s i t eo fo s t e o c y t e s 3 .l o n g i t ud i n a lc a na lc a r r y i n gb l oo d v e s s e l s ,l y mp ha t i c s ,a ndne r v e s 4 .t i n yc a n a l sc o nn e c t i n gos t e o c y t e so f a no s t e o n

Ossification: Bone Formation and Growth in Length mp a r ea n dc o n t r a s te v e n t soc c u r r i n gont hee p i p h y s e a la n ddi a p h y s e a lf a c e soft h ee p i p h y s e a lp l a t e . 1 2 .Co Epi p h y s e a lf a c e :Ca r t i l a g ec e l l sa r er e s t i n ga n dr e l a t i v e l yi n a c t i v e . Ri g h tb e l o wt h i s , t h ec a r t i l a g ec e l l sa r er a p i d l yr e p r o d u c i n g . Di a p h y s e a lf a c e : Ch on d r o c y t e sar edy i n g , t h emat r i xi sc a l c i f y i n g , an dt h ec a r t i l a g ei sbe i n gr e pl a c e db yb on e . 1 3 .

Th epa i ni nt h el e gt h a ti sr e f e r r e dt oa s“ s h i ns pl i n t s ”i sof t e nc a u s e db ymi c r o t e a r si nt hep e r i os t e uma n dp e r f o r a t i n g

fib e r s .Th e s et e a r sl e a dt oi n fla mma t i o no ft h epe r i o s t e u m. Co n s i de r i n gt h et y peo ft i s s uef ou n di nt h epe r i o s t e u m,wh i c h c e l l sd oy o ut hi n kwo u l dbemo s ti n v o l v e di nt h er e p a i rp r o c e s s ?Fi br o b l as tf o rt h eou t e rl a y e ra n do s t e o b l as tf o rt h ei n ne r l a y e ro ft hepe r i o s t e u m. 1 4 .

I nac h i l dwi t hr i c k e t s ,t h eb on e sa r en o tp r o pe r l yc a l c i fie d . Wh i c ht r e a t e dbo n ei nAc t i vi t y2mo s tc l o s e l yr e s e mbl e s

t h ebo n e sofac h i l dwi t hr i c k e t s ?Wh y ?I nc h i l dr e nwi t hr i c k e t s , t hebo n e sl a c kt h emi n e r alc o mp on e n t so fhe a l t h yb on e ,

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t h e y wo u l dt he r e f o r er e s e mb l eb on e ss o ak e di na c i d.

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1 5 .

Ac h o n d r op l a s i ai sat yp eo fd wa r fis mi nwhi c ht h el on gb o n e ss t o pgr o wi n gdu r i n gc h i l d ho o d,r e s u l t i n gi nl i mb st h a t

a r ed i s pr op o r t i o n a t e l ys h or t e rt ha nt het o r s o . Thi sg e n e t i cd i s or d e ri sc h a r a c t e r i z e db yde fic i e nc i e si nt h ee pi p h y s e a lp l a t e t h a ti n c l u d eal o wn u mb e ro fc h o nd r oc y t e sa ndt hei na b i l i t yo fc h o nd r oc yt e st oe n l a r g e . Whi c hz o n e sdoy o ut h i n kwo u l d b emo s ta ffe c t e db yt h i sd i s o r de r ,a ndwh y ?Thep r o l i f e r at i ona ndh y pe r t r op h i cz on e swo u l db emos taffe c t e dast h i si s wh e r emi t o s i s a n de n l a r g e me n toft hec h o n dr o c y t e so c c u r .

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