Exam 1 Practice Answers PDF

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1. According to the authors of your textbook, the definition of a psychological disorder is associated with ___________. a. stress b. impaired functioning c. culturally expected responses d. psychotic symptoms 2. The typical profile or prototype of a disorder reflects the ___________ as described in DSM-IV as well as those emerging from DSM-5. a. theoretical perspectives on abnormality b. treatments for mental disorders c. causes of mental illness d. diagnostic criteria for psychological disorders 3. When Larry was diagnosed with schizophrenia, his family wanted to know how the disorder would affect him and how it would progress. In medical terms, they wanted to know Larry's _______. a. diagnosis b. prognosis c. psychosocial profile d. pathology 4. At various times in history, in an attempt to explain problematic, irrational behavior, humans have focused on supernatural causes that include all of the following EXCEPT a. magnetic fields. b. demons and evil spirits. c. bodily humors. d. the moon and stars. 5. The belief of homophobic people that the "sin" of homosexuality has resulted in HIV/AIDS is related to the historical concept of ______________ as a cause of madness. a. divine punishment b. faith healing c. hysteria d. sorcery 6. In an attempt to rid the body of the excessive humors thought to be causing psychological disorders, physicians throughout history have used treatments such as ________. a. bloodletting b. induced seizures c. exorcism d. drilling though the skull

7. Somatic symptom disorders, a current DSM-5 classification that evolved from the concept of "hysteria," affect a. men only. b. women only. c. men or women. d. children only. 8. In the 1930s, when insulin shock therapy was deemed too risky as a treatment for mental disorder, __________________ began to be used instead. a. bromides b. electroconvulsive therapy c. megavitamin therapy d. moral therapy 9. Benzodiazepines, or "minor" tranquilizers such as Valium and Librium, are effective in reducing the symptoms of __________. a. depression b. anxiety c. schizophrenia d. hysteria 10. Realizing that patients were often unaware of material previously recalled under hypnosis, Charcot, Breuer, and Freud hypothesized the existence of ___________, a concept considered one of the most important developments in the history of psychopathology. a. neurosis b. the unconscious mind c. the Electra complex d. catharsis 11. You have just read a newspaper article about a savage rape and murder. You wonder how someone could commit such a horrible crime. Then you recall from your study of Freudian theory that according to Freud, anyone could be a killer or rapist if _________ impulses were not well controlled. a. egoistic b. phallic c. id d. mesmeric 12. Although Freud conceptualized the libido as the life energy within the id, many people think of it as the __________. a. death instinct b. sex drive c. conscience d. Oedipal conflict

13. Accusing your partner of being mad at you after they have aggravated you is an example of _______. a. displacement b. sublimation c. repression d. projection 14. According to object relations theory, a. one believes that spiritual and religious drives are as much a part of human nature as sexual drives. b. there is a strong drive toward self-actualization. c. development of personality is influenced by culture and societal conditions. d. one sees the world through the eyes of the person incorporated into one’s self. 15. Psychodynamic psychotherapy differs from classical (Freudian) psychoanalysis in that it a. emphasizes the goal of personality reconstruction. b. requires a long-term commitment on the part of the person being analyzed. c. focuses on social and interpersonal issues. d. considers past experiences important. 16. Humanistic therapists regard _______________ as the single most positive influence in facilitating human growth. a. therapist interpretation of the patient's verbalizations b. relationships (including the therapeutic relationship) c. self-esteem d. intellectual and moral development 17. Mustafa was bitten by a dog when he was five years old. Now he is afraid of any dog he sees. His fear of dog is a(n) a. unconditioned stimulus. b. unconditioned response. c. conditioned stimulus d. conditioned response. 18. The following are all true about the behavioral model EXCEPT: a. It has contributed greatly to the understanding and treatment of psychopathology. b. It is incomplete and inadequate to account for what we now know about psychopathology. c. Psychological disorders were considered, for the most part, to be environmentally determined. d. It accounts for development of psychopathology across the lifespan.

19. Shaping a behavior in operant conditioning refers to a. ignoring everything but the desired behavior. b. punishing everything except the desired behavior. c. rewarding successive approximations to the desired behavior. d. rewarding any behavior that comes close to the desired behavior. 20. The continual interaction of biological, psychological, and social influences and their effect on behavior is a _________________ approach. a. sociocultural b. psychobiological/biopsychological c. unidimensional d. multidimensional integrative 21. The best description of the multidimensional integrative approach to understanding psychopathology is that it is based on a. biological dimensions. b. biological and psychological dimensions. c. biological and psychological dimensions, as well as emotional influences. d. biological and psychological dimensions, as well as emotional and developmental influences. 22. Amanda is 12 years old, and her sister Samantha is five years old. While riding in a car with their parents, the girls witness a major automobile accident where a number of people are injured. The girls react very differently to the accident. This is probably due to a. biological differences. b. developmental differences. c. psychological differences d. sociocultural differences 23. In the diathesis-stress model, "stress" refers to a. life events, in combination with an inherited tendency, that trigger a disorder. b. inherited tendencies, in combination with life events, that trigger a disorder. c. defective genes. d. exposure to very unusual and extreme environmental conditions. 24. Cross-fostering studies indicate that the environmental effects of early parenting a. had no effect on any genetic contribution to be reactive to stress. b. seem to override any genetic contribution to be reactive to stress. c. had no effect on future generations in the expression of personality traits or temperament. d. had random effects on any genetic contribution to be reactive to stress.

25. Recent research suggests that

a.environmental manipulations early in life may do much to override the genetically induced tendency to develop undesirable behavioral activities. b. environmental manipulations early in life may do much to override the genetically induced tendency to develop undesirable emotional activities. c.an interaction between genes and environment plays an important role in every psychological disorder. d. all of these

26. The synaptic cleft is the area between the a. soma of one neuron and the dendrite of another neuron. b. axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another neuron. c. axon of one neuron and the soma of another neuron. d. somas of two neurons. 27. Most automatic functions (e.g., breathing, sleeping, and motor coordination) are controlled by the part of the brain called the _________. a. brain stem b. forebrain c. cortex d. frontal lobes 28. Functions of the limbic system include control or regulation of a. basic body functions such as breathing. b. sleep cycles. c. emotional experiences, expressions, impulse control, and basic drives such as aggression, sex, hunger, and thirst. d. body posture, coordinated movement, and involuntary responses such as reflexes and other automatic processes. 29. About 80% of the neurons contained in the central nervous system are located in the _________. a. cerebral cortex b. brain stem c. midbrain d. basal ganglia 30. According to your text's discussion of how neurotransmitters such as serotonin work, the term "biochemical imbalance" for the cause of disorders such as depression is probably _________. a. an oversimplification b. about accurate c. completely incorrect d. a perfect description 31. Extremely low levels of dopamine activity are associated with ________________.

a. muscle rigidity, tremors, and impaired judgment b. schizophrenia c. pleasure seeking d. exploratory behaviors 32. Studies regarding rat learning and brain structure by Greenough, et al. (1990) and Wallace, et al. (1992) suggest that a. early experiences such as learning cause physical changes in the brain. b. psychopathology is the result of early learning experiences. c. while psychopathology is often a result of early life experiences, it is generally due to the physical changes in the brain that such experiences cause. d. genetically caused brain structure problems can be corrected by positive life experiences. 33.One important contribution of the work of Albert Bandura regarding modeling or observational learning is that a. much of our learned behavior depends upon our interactions with those around us. b. our learned behavior has much more to do with the types of consequences (reinforcements and punishments) of our actions than our interactions with those around us. c. it is impossible to learn behavioral patterns without observing those around us. d. learning acquired through observation is much more resistant to extinction than behavior acquired through classical or operant conditioning. 34. Studies examining the effects of anger and hostility on the cardiovascular system have demonstrated that anger results in a. decreased pumping efficiency of the heart. b. increased pumping efficiency of the heart. c. heart changes similar to those found when exercising. d. few if any measurable changes in the heart. 35. Regarding the research on socialization and health, the safest conclusion is that a. social support is important but mostly for those individuals who are at high risk for various physical or psychological disorders. b. having a supportive group of people around us is important to our physical health but not our psychological well-being. c. having a supportive group of people around us is important to our psychological wellbeing but not our physical health. d. having a supportive group of people around us is one of the most important parts of maintaining our physical and mental health.

36. In a study conducted by Haber and Barchas (1983), monkeys were injected with amphetamine, a central nervous system stimulant. Comparison of the drug's effects on the dominant versus submissive monkeys demonstrated that the effects of brain chemicals such as drugs are a. different for individual animals depending upon their place in the social hierarchy. b. the same for all animals regardless of their place in the social hierarchy. c. the same for all animals except for those with a biological predisposition for aggression. d. different for individual animals but the differences appear to be random. 37. Given the role of social factors in psychological disorders and the fact that psychological disorders are still associated with social stigma (people tend to think that the disorder is something to be ashamed of), there is a much greater chance that people with psychological disorders will a. be far more easily treated than those with physical disorders. b. seek help for their disorders but be more likely to receive insufficient treatment than those with physical illness. c. be ignored by mental health professionals when they seek help. d. not seek and receive the treatment and support of others that are most needed for recovery. 38. Political strife, war, and suffering in a country tend to ___________ the rate of psychological disorders in the country. a. decrease b. have little effect on c. have unpredictable effects on d. increase

39. According to Eric Erikson, people a. only experience major change in adulthood. b. are fully developed by age 50. c. experience eight typical developmental crises across time. d. experience no developmental changes after adolescence. 40. Which of the following characterizes the mood-state known as anxiety? a. Positive mood state b. Reduced heart rate c. Apprehension about the future d. Muscle relaxation

41. ____________ is characterized by apprehension because of future unpredictability,

whereas ____________ is characterized by strong escapist tendencies. a. Anxiety; fear b. Fear; anxiety c. Psychoses; neuroses d. neuroses; psychoses 42. A child who is afraid of dogs because her father was afraid of dogs is said to have a ________ vulnerability. a. specific psychological b. general biological c. general psychological d. specific biological 43. In what way is worry not useful? a. It helps us plan for the future. b. It makes sure we are prepared for a task. c. It makes us double check that we have thought of everything before leaving on a trip. d. It ensures that we respond appropriately to fear-inducing events. 44. Evidence now suggests that agoraphobic avoidance behavior is one component of a. exaggerated obsessive-compulsive disorder. b. major phobias. c. severe, unexpected panic attacks. d. mild generalized anxiety disorder. 45. A major double-blind research study sponsored by the National Institute of Mental Health looked at the separate and combined effects of both psychological and drug treatments for patients suffering from panic disorder. Participants were randomized into five different treatment conditions, including all but which of the following? a. psychological treatment alone (PCT) b. combined drug and psychological treatment c. placebo alone d. deep brain stimulation and transcranial magnetic stimulation 46. In the type of specific phobia called "blood-injury-injection," there is an inherited vasovagal response and a tendency to faint due to a. an increase in blood pressure. b. a decrease in blood pressure. c. an increase in body temperature. d. a decrease in body temperature.

47. In the general population, as many as ____ of people suffer from social anxiety

disorder at some point in their lives. a. 1.7% b. 12.1% c. 31.8% d. 51% 48. Which of the following is an accurate statement about posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)? a. Acute stress disorder is diagnosed instead of PTSD if a person's symptoms begin 6 months or more after the traumatic event. b. PTSD occurs in all individuals who experience a traumatic event. c. Most persons diagnosed with acute stress disorder do not eventually develop PTSD. d. Acute stress disorder was included as a DSM-IV diagnosis so early severe reactions to trauma could receive health insurance coverage for immediate treatment. 49. What happens when people with OCD attempt to neutralize or suppress disturbing, intrusive thoughts? a. The obsessive thoughts disappear. b. The frequency of the obsessive thoughts increases. c. Other kinds of obsessive thinking start to occur. d. This strategy has no effect on the obsessive thoughts. 50. The model of the etiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder suggests that in order for an individual to develop OCD, __________ must be present. a. biological vulnerability b. psychological vulnerability c. both biological and psychological vulnerabilities d. neither biological nor psychological vulnerabilities 51. A person with which of the following conditions might regularly wear hats, even in situations where it is not appropriate to do so, in order to hide unusual bald spots on their head. a. Trichotillomania b. Excoriation c. Body dysmorphic disorder d. Kleptomania

52. Marika regularly shows up at school with bandages on her arm. When her friends ask

her why she has a new one, she dodges the question and just says, "oh I got a small cut." She is regularly seen playing with the bandages, and on day one of her friends was sure she saw Marika actually picking at her own skin in te same area of her arm. Which problem may Marika be challenged by? a. Excoriation b. Trichotillomania c. Body dysmorphic disorder d. Obsessive-Compulsive disorder 53. In regard to pharmacological treatments for obsessive-compulsive disorder, the most effective drugs are those that inhibit the reuptake of the neurotransmitter called ________. a. serotonin b. dopamine c. noradrenaline d. epinephrine 54. Anxiety is closely related to which of the following psychological disorders? a. Schizophrenia b. Depression c. Dementia d. Psychosis 55. People tend to have their best performance on tasks when they are ___________. a. very anxious b. not anxious at all c. a little anxious b. not anxious at all d. fearful...