Exam 2 Review HIST 105 - Verity Mc Innis PDF

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Exam 2 Review - HIST 105 Verity McInnis

Lecture 1 - Turning the Tide: ● Western Campaigns - Iroquois Confederacy divided between Americans and British, causing a civil war ○ U.S and the Oneidas vs. GB and the Senecas, Joseph Brant leading the British to harass frontier settlements, John Sullivan leading Americans to destroy Iroquois country, breaking the power of the Confederacy ● Final Campaigns - Continued campaigning towards the North while the British invaded the South ○ Charlestown - biggest British victory ○ Charles Cornwallis (British Gen) based in Yorktown because he was running low on supplies, the French tried to secure sea control in Chesapeake Bay leading to British vs French Navy, stopped Cornwallis from getting supplies. ○ Surrender at Yorktown - G.W hears of Chesapeake and reaches agreement with French commander to move French and American armies down to outnumber the British at Yorktown to force surrender ● Treaty of Paris 1783 - Second Treaty of Paris - American Independence, Gives up all land east of the Mississippi River, all British troops leave American soil, All American debts to be paid to the British ● Articles of Confederation - Second Continental Congress - Distrust of a strong central government ○ States reserve most powers to retain “Sovereignty, Freedom, and Independence” (Weak central government) ○ Unicameral Congress - 1 state one vote - amendments needed unanimous votes ○ No separate executive/judiciary…..committee of representatives (Confederal Congress) ● The Northwest Ordinance - 3-5 territories, outlines how territories become states, outlaws slavery in the region, guarantees residents freedom by jury, religion, due process ● Problems with the Articles - Diplomatic problems (Frontier and Foreign) with British and Native Amer., and Spain (New Orleans trade), Economic Crisis (no funds) ● Shay’s Rebellion - Earned land for service in the war, couldn’t pay the property tax on the land he earned, government could seize the property. With 1000 men, tried to seize federal arsenal for arms, but the governer overpowers Shay ○ Outcome - Showed the need for protection of rights and property, confederation seemed powerless and “moving towards anarchy/confusion” - GW Lecture 2 - The Constitution and Search for Order: ● Annapolis Convention - Called by Alexander Hamilton, it was a convention to fix the Articles, however, only 12 representatives came from 5 states leading to a rescheduled convention in Philadelphia ○ Past forms of government - First/Second Continental Congress, Articles of Confederation - led to Shay’s Rebellion ○ Alexander Hamilton - Brilliant economist - Wanting a meeting of commissioners to remedy defects of the federal government ● Philadelphia/Constitutional Convention ○ Delegates - 55 male white from all states except RI. The average age of 42, 62% legal training, 33% slave owners - IOW: Urban over-rep, Rural under-rep, alongside socioeconomic elite of US ○ Unifying Themes - Agreement of the failure of the Articles, the need for a new document, Sense of mission amongst delegates, Checks and Balances - Executive, Legislative, Judicial, Fear of Anarchy, Consent of the people (social contract), External threats, and George Washington to be the first executive. ○ Competing interests - central government’s power and democracy, direct/representative democracy, slavery in terms of gov representation and taxes, Commerce vs. Agriculture, small/large states representation ○ The Virginia Plan - Proposed by Madison and Randolph, geared towards large states, separation of powers, bicameral congress (lower (house of reps) and upper house (senators) both populated by proportional representation), single executive - veto power and advisor appointment, Supreme Court to deal with all legal matters ○ The New Jersey Plan - Proposed by Paterson, Unicameral Congress with equal representation of each state, plural executive, a supreme court ○ Up for Debate - Amend Articles? Representation equally or proportionate? Slavery? ○ Women’s rights - Not up for debate in Philadelphia ■ Judith Murray (First champion of women’s rights) - wrote Equality of the Sexes, Order of nature ○ The Grand Committee - 1 State 1 Representative decided on the future of U.S government

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The Compromise ■ Legislative, Executive, Judicial Branch ■ Prohibited Export Taxes - protects the southern state’s economy ■ Single Chief Executive - Decided on George Washington ● Limited powers - Could not start/end a war, can be removed (impeachment), the electoral college was a compromise between a direct election and election by Congress ● President must win the majority in electoral college, if not - goes to House of Representatives with 1 state 1 vote ■ importation of slaves for 20 years, and ⅗ clause ■ Bicameral Congress - House of Representatives and Senate - HOR is proportional representation while Senate is equal representation of the states ■ 10-year Census ○ Constitution: Preamble / Seven Articles and a Bill of Rights promised by James Madison Constitution Ratification Process - State conventions with options to only accept/reject, need 9/13 states to accept Anti-Federalists - Jefferson, Lee, Henry, Mason - Arguments: Poorly organized, the national government too strong, delegates won’t represent the people, no guarantee of individual liberties (only a promise by Madison) Federalists - Hamilton, Madison, Washington - Arguments: Highly educated, future of nation through commerce, fear of anarchy, checks and balances will prevent tyranny Federalist Papers - Written by Madison and Hamilton - PR campaign in support of the Federalists Federalist Victory / Ratification of Constitution - 13 Sept 1788, George Washington elected unanimously Constitutional Gaps - No Bill of Rights, un-detailed Judiciary and Executive, the institution of slavery not addressed, different interpretations of the Constitution ○

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Lecture 3 - Establishing a Government: ● United States in 1790 - 4.2 million, 95% rural, Lots of children, population doubling every 22 years, northern states slowly abolish slavery, $54 mil national debt, $32 mil state debt, still British troops in forts, Native Amer. retaliation to encroachment on the frontier ● Challenges to the New Political System - International respect, Debt, and Constitutional Gaps ● Filling the Gaps of the Constitution ○ Slavery - “Held to service or labor” , ⅗ clause, could not stop importation for 20 years, slavery originally dying out until re-energized by cotton as a cash crop ○ Judiciary Branch - Judiciary Act of 1789 created the Supreme Court and Federal District Courts/Courts of Appeal ○ Executive Power - Had the power of appointment (advisors/cabinet) - George Washington’s Cabinet included Thomas Jefferson (Secretary of State) with a strict interpretation of the constitution via Amendment 10 and Alexander Hamilton (Secretary of the Treasury) with loose interpretation of the constitution via Article 1 Section 8 (Necessary and proper clause) ○ Amendment 10 - The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people. ○ Article 1 Section 8 - To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or any Department or Officer thereof.” ● Hamilton’s Plan (Spirit of the Constitution) - Loose interpretation Article 1 Section 8, Involve the wealthy (stake in government success), Pay the federal debt in full and assume state debts, Create a national bank, Import tariff, excise tax on distilled spirits (whiskey) ● Jefferson’ Reaction to Hamilton’s Plan - Strict interpretation Amendment 10, America future is in agriculture, the assumption of state debts reward speculators, argued against a national bank ● Debate between Hamilton and Jefferson - Fear of Mobarchy vs. Fear of Monarchy, both accused of working towards personal interests ● Federalists vs. Democratic-Republicans - First political party system ○ Federalists - Adams and Hamilton, Northern state interest, Commerce/Manufacturing, Strong central government, Implied powers ○ Democratic-Republicans - Jefferson and Madison, Southern state interest, Agriculture, Limited central government, strict interpretation

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Enacting Federalist Program - Washington backs Hamilton, enacting Hamilton plan, a 20-year charter on the national bank, capital relocated to Washington D.C from Philadelphia Asserting National Supremacy ○ French Revolution was a blood bath, Washington’s neutrality proclamation ○ John Jay’s Treaty - Sent to England to remove troops from the northwestern territory and relieve trade tension ○ Thomas Pinckney’s Treaty with Spain - Spain acceptance of southern boundary, Free navigation of Mississippi and New Orleans ○ Treaty of Greenville - Cedes Native lands to U.S for $10,000 after Battle of Fallen Timbers ○ Whiskey Rebellion - Rebelled against excise tax, tax inspector attacked by 500 men, George Washington led 15,000 to suppress the rebellion Washington’s Farewell Address - Supports federal government, stresses religion, morality, public credit, warns against party system, warns against permanent foreign alliances

Lecture 4 - Triumph of the Jeffersonians: ● Adams Administration - John Adams as President, Jefferson as Vice President ● Foreign Affairs ○ XYZ Affair - negotiations between U.S and France about tensions, French disrespected the U.S Reps ○ Quasi-War with France - Attacks authorized against French ships with British backing - no war actually declared ○ Convention of 1800 - Peaceful negotiations ● Domestic Affairs - Alien and Sedition Acts ○ 1) Naturalization Act - Citizenship time increased ○ 2) Alien and Alien Enemies Act - Deport/Imprison aliens that were a threat ○ 3) Sedition Act - Could not criticize government or government officials ○ Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions - Condemns Alien and Sedition Acts as an abuse of power, States can declare the law null and void ● Election of 1800 - Jefferson voted into office after Hamilton degraded Burr’s reputation ● Duel at Dawn - Hamilton shoots the air, Burr shoots Hamilton and kills him ● Transfer of power from Federalists to Democratic-Republicans ● U.S Supreme Court Decisions: ○ Marbury vs. Madison - Jefferson voids the rest of the midnight appointments by Adams, Marbury sues Madison (Secretary of State under Jefferson) - established principle of judicial review over an act of Congress ○ McCulloch vs. Maryland - Maryland challenges national bank, imposes a state tax on bank notes, the national bank refused to pay, appealed to the supreme court who decides that the bank was constitutional (Necessary and Proper) and the state couldn’t tax because it interferes with US sovereignty ○ Gibbons vs. Ogden - NY law, gave a group of investors a steamship monopoly, Gibbons wasn’t given access to waterways. Definition of interstate commerce - Supremacy of federal law over state laws ● Jefferson Ideology - Empire of Liberty, a nation of virtuous republican farmers, the Lockean ideology of a social contract and natural rights, political parties are evil, religious toleration and individual freedom, strict interpretation ○ Slaves - even though Jefferson owned his own, doesn’t think white and African Americans could live together without creating a race war, relationship with a slave ● Jefferson Reducing Government during office - allowed Alien and Sedition acts to expire, Excise tax repealed, reduces military, cut the federal debt ● Napoleonic Wars (Napolean Bonaparte) - Spain forced to cede Louisiana to French, France needed money and Jefferson wanted Louisiana to expand outward ● Louisiana Purchase - Treaty of Cession for $15 million, adopted implied powers to purchase Louisiana, doubled U.S size ● Corps of Discovery (Lewis and Clark) - Missionary group sent to explore the west, 4-year expedition led by Sacagawea, ○ Sacagawea - Interpreter and guide, spoke multiple languages, alongside husband, had a child with her - letting tribes know her and the explorers were friendly ● The Drift towards the War of 1812 - Conflict in Europe ○ British/French both passed laws to inhibit trade between America and the opposing country ○ British Orders in Council (blockade and license) and French Continental System (seizure)

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British conflict with America - Impressment (taking men into service without consent) ■ The U.S.S Chesapeake - H.M.S Leopard Affair - US ship with 3 deserters from the British, Leopard (British ship) demanded the sailors back, Chesapeake refused and fire broke out between the ships ■ Jefferson issued proclamation disallowing British warships to dock at U.S ports ○ Embargo Act - Prevented shipment of goods to Europe from U.S. hopefully, to create economic hardship for countries at war ○ Election of James Madison (Secretary for Jefferson) ○ Causes of the War of 1812 - British assistance to Native Americans, Impressment of sailors, Orders in Council, Expansion, Failure of the American embargo ○ U.S Negotiations with France and Britain - Negotiations between France AND Britain - whoever would repeal their acts against U.S commerce would cause the other nation to get embargoed ■ France responded first causing a British embargo War of 1812 ○ Series of attacks on Canada failed, the British burned down the capitol ○ Upper Creek Indians (Red Stick) war - retaliation against the encroachment of their land ○ Fort Mims Massacre - 300 settlers and militia killed ○ Andrew Jackson introduced - heard of Fort Mims and raised a militia, fought in the Battle of Horseshoe Bend ○ Battle of New Orleans - Andrew Jackson defeats the British The Treaty of Ghent - Signed Christmas Eve 1814, relationships between U.S and GB returns to normal The Decline of the Federalists - Republican political skill and actions, Federalist elitism The Hartford Convention - Disappearance of the Federalist party after discussing state succession, this unpatriotic mentality proved fatal to the Federalist party ○

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Lecture 5 - Expansion Abroad and at Home: ● James Monroe - Assertive Diplomacy, Era of Good Feelings, First major financial crisis (Economic Panic of 1819 encountered mysteries of the business cycle) ● Policy of Removal - Removal of Native Americans peacefully, if disagreement occurs, then force would be used ● First/Second/Third Seminole Wars - conflict in Florida against runaway slaves and Indians, the first war was for recapturing runaway slaves, Second and Third was for land (Andrew Jackson) ● Convention of 1818 - Sets official boundaries between British and U.S possessions ● Transcontinental Treaty - U.S acquires Florida from Spain for $5 mil, Spain gives U.S Oregon, the U.S gives up claims to Southwest including Texas ● Monroe Doctrine - No new European colonies in the Americas, Landmark for American diplomatic history, No U.S interference with European politics ● The Political implications of Expansion ○ Slavery - Slave and Free states are balance until Missouri applied for statehood ■ Tallmadge Amendment - Gradual abolition in Missouri: For those born into slavery, they are to be given freedom after 25 years, House supports, Senate rejects, resulting in gridlock ■ The Missouri Compromise - proposed by Henry Clay - Maine enters as a free state alongside Missouri, Division of the Louisiana territory 36.30 parallel, above would be free, below would be slave states ● Virginia Dynasty - all of the Presidents that have been elected for 32 years are from Virginia (Washington, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe) ● “Putting Out” System - the division of labor and pay ● Structural changes during Industrializatio - government supports commercial and industrialization, government new laws limiting the liability of an investor, New York Stock Exchange invest in foreign money ● National Road - first road built by the government, 620 miles long, helps the economy, better defense ● Erie Canal - Financed by the state legislature, 364 miles long, reduces cost, helped NY become elite in commerce ● Railways - reduce cost, regional specialization, reduce travel time, created middle management levels, time zones ● Cotton gin - Eli Whitney, ten times better for production, Catherine Littlefield Greene made suggestions to Eli but lost due to no patent for the invention ● Telegraph - Samuel Morse produced the electrically transmitting info, Morse code (dots and dashes to communicate) ● Mechanical Reaper - Made by McCormick, harvested more grain than 5 men ● The Lowell System - Industrial espionage, wanted to restructure factories. Started by Samuel Slater (British industrial spy), factory system textile mills in Massachusetts moved to rural areas.

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○ Single women ages 16-25 worked in these factories ○ Advertised falsely - Was clean, tight rooming, strict rules, curfew, however good pay for women at this time ○ Model of republican values? Or a mechanism of social control exploiting female workers for economic gain ○ Harriet Robinson - “Lowell’s factory was not as promised” ○ Most of these women were working to finance a MALE family member’s education Old Order - Self-sufficiency farms, local artisans, relaxed, family affairs, slow economic growth New Order - Specialization, Deskilled, Faster Production, Faster economic growth

Lecture 6 - An American Republic: ● American Republicanism - Civic virtue, and a majority of people are virtuous, honest, hardworking, frugal ● Republican Culture - Americans believed they were different ● A Unique Republican Culture of Art, Architecture, Fashion, Language, Music, and Literature ○ Art - George Washington Portrait (Nationalistic Pride), Young Omahaw War Eagle, Woman of Crow Nation, War Indians Painting ○ Architecture - The White House, 2nd National Bank, Neo-classical ○ Fashion ■ Women - Empire Dress, the higher class had 3 dresses to wear each day, bonnet covering hair, wore white ■ Men - Tailcoats, full-length trouser, based off ease of riding a horse, emphasized shoulders ○ Cult of Domesticity / True Womanhood ■ Piety - Religious, responsible for religiousness of husband and children ■ Purity - Sexual purity, Reputation, Bad reputation would lead to ostracization and called a “fallen woman” ■ Submissive - Obedient to the husband ■ Domesticity - Realm of Authority ○ Language - Guided by Republican principles, Noah Webster (Webster Dictionary), Spell words as they sound ○ Music - Star-spangled Banner by Francis Scott Key became the national anthem in 1831 ○ Literature ■ Scarlet Letter - Puritan burdens of sin and evil ■ Letter-Stocking Tales - Hawkeye - prototype American hero, rugged, untamed hunter ○ Art - Hudson River School - Thomas Cole - The Voyage of Life ■ Childhood, Youth, Manhood, Old Age ■ Celebrated the uniqueness of the American frontier and its uncharted wilderness ■ Religious overtones ● The Frontier Experience - “March of Destiny” painting ○ Reasons to move - Erosion of land (needed new land), transportation networks, technologies, hope for a better life ○ The Frontier Reality - Not the best experience, women collected meadow muffins = buffalo dung, produced a distinct American character, Fountain of youth for American generation, Renewed American democracy, and pioneers were carriers and symbols of American democracy ● Election of 1824 - Political Traditions ○ Candidates reluctant to campaign, lack of party competition, low voter turnout ○ Nominations for President - Crawford (Secretary of the Treasury and King Caucus nominee), Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams (Secretary of State), Henry Clay ○ Jackson wins the popular vote, and electoral college vote, but not by majority ■ John Quincy Adams wins in the House of Representatives vote ■ Clay dropped before the vote and rumored that his votes went to John Quincy Adams ○ The Corrupt Bargain - Andrew Jackson says there is corruption, immediately begins to campaign, the first modern campaign ● John Quincy Adams Administration - National Republicans (Party), Protective Tariff on imported items, and Internal improvements ● Jackson wins the 1828 Election - Democratic-Republicans (Democrats), Martin Van Buren and John Calho...