Exam 1 Review - HIST 105 Verity Mc Innis PDF

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Exam 1 Review - HIST 105 Verity McInnis Lecture 1 - Native Americans ● Pleistocene Ice Age Migration ○ Bering Strait ○ Large game and their hunters migrated ○ Global Warming ■ Melted the Bering Strait, trapping the migrated animals and humans ○ Evidence ■ Cultural artifacts ■ Fossils ■ 2000 languages were spoken in 1600, would have taken 25,000 years ○ Early Euro Accounts ■ Bartolome de Las Casas ■ Cabeza de Vaca ● Development of Regional Cultures - Diversity ○ Great Plains - Hunter / Gatherers ■ 32 classes of large animals ■ New technologies to hunt buffalo ○ Great Basin - Desert Cultures ■ Foraging ■ Nomadic ■ Fishing ○ East of the Mississippi - Forest ■ Small game and foraging ■ Burned woodlands for fertilization ○ Center/Highlands of Mexico - Sedentary Agricultural ■ Maize and Potatoes, other cultivation (Miracle Crops) ■ Fueled global expansion ○ Spirituality - Polytheistic ■ Sacred Natural World - Sun, Moon, Wind, Rain ■ Spiritual beings coexistence with humans ■ Balance and harmony ■ Manitou (Algonquian) ● “Chi” of Native Americans ● The fundamental and spiritual life force of Native American Mythology ● Omnipresent ■ Conservationists ● Political - Diversity ○ Decentralized - Warriors had their own liberty, Chiefs were more like advisors ■ Compared to Euro, which had a King at the head of a monarchy, centralized ○ The Iroquois League - 6 Tribes - Confederacy ■ Defined Gender Roles ■ Men hunted and battled, women cultivated and were in charge if men were away ○ Annual Great Council ■ Made up of Male leaders elected by the senior women ■ Women had extreme amounts of political power ○ Identity ■ Headdresses represented strength, loyalty, selflessness ● Feathers represented brave deeds - Rewarded ● Eagle’s feather was most important - Eagle is God's messenger ■ Oral Tradition ● Passing of tradition through folk tales, chants, songs

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Lecture 2 - Indigenous - European Encounters: Why exploration and the Silk Road’s importance ● Silk Road: 4,000-mile long map of interlinking trade routes throughout Eurasia ○ Items - Silk, Technologies, Philosophies, Religions, Diseases, and other trade goods ○ Mongol Empire Fragmented → Separation of power → Trade decline → Voyages to America ● Spanish Exploration: 1490s - 1590s ○ Sailing for Gold, Glory, God ○ Christopher Columbus discovered South America ○ Exploration and Voyage domination ○ Military Conquests by Cortez and Pizarro ○ South America - Great Riches, North America - No resources ● French Exploration: North America ○ Sailed for Trade, Glory, God ○ Jacques Cartier - Gulf of St. Lawrence ○ No military conquests ○ Created trade relationship with locals, trade posts created, interracial marriage strengthened trade ● English Exploration: The New World ○ Sailed for Glory, Profits, Prophets ○ Last of the major European countries to sail ○ Roanoke Colony - First English colony, disappeared, “Croatoan” written on a tree ○ Richard Haklyuts (Uncle and Nephew) - Promoters of English colonization ■ New Resources, Provided the poor with opportunities of enrichment ● The Columbian Exchange ○ New World to Old World - Gold/Silver, Timber, Furs, Tobacco, Cotton, Potatoes, Corn, Chocolate ○ Old World to New World - Farm animals, Wheat, Sugar, Rice, Coffee, Guns ■ Diseases - Measles, Smallpox, Common Cold - Natives - 90% affected, died ● Counting Coup - Warriors prove their courage by coming into physical contact with the enemy ○ Europeans having guns made it difficult ● Catawba Native Confederation - Accommodation or Resistance ○ Accommodated Europeans and created trade agreements to survive

Lecture 3 - The English ● English Political Traditions: ○ Monarchy and Parliament - Edward the 2nd, 2 Houses: Lower and Upper ■ The throne is based on bloodline - Male prioritized, then women ○ Unwritten Constitution ■ Based on Magna Carta and William/Mary’s bill of rights ■ Magna Carta req: Warrants for arrest/seizure, trial by jury, common law, and tax limitations ○ Early English had a great council for nobles / high ranking church officials ○ Legal Traditions - Common Law ■ Local counties and judges, Cases decided on precedence, corruption present ○ Divine Right of Kings ■ Right to rule from God, not subject to the will of the people, only God could judge an unjust King, restricting the King is restricting God ○ Monarch Rules but with limits from Parliament ○ Henry VIII - Removed England from Roman Catholicism, English Reformation, Head of the Church of England ● Upheaval and the New World ○ Political, Economic, and Religious tensions encouraged migration ■ Fears of a standing army, absolute rule by a monarch (vs. Self Rule) ○ Elizabeth I ■ “Virgin Queen” - married to the country, skillful politician, early fashionista, masculine characteristics (aggressive / money-manager) ■ First English explorations of America, Roanoke

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■ The statute of Artificers - Dealt with economic problems, unemployment, stimulated fish industry, one person one job, 7-year indentureship, parish poor ○ James I ■ Enforced Divine right of Kings - Only accountable to God ■ Jamestown and Plymouth ○ Charles I ■ Enforced Divine right of Kings - Dismisses Parliament ■ Massachusetts Bay Colony and Maryland ■ Marries Catholic Maria - Creating fear and tension leading to English civil wars ○ Series of Civil Wars ■ Oliver Cromwell - New Model Army, Parliamentary Roundheads vs. King’s Cavaliers ■ Parliamentary Victory → Charles I executed ■ Oliver Cromwell becomes Lord Protector of the Republic - Military Dictator in control of a large army, Son Richard is the end of the Protectorate Era ○ Charles II ■ Caroline Colonies and Pennsylvania ○ James II ■ Catholic, was then overthrown in the Glorious Revolution (William) - No bloodshed ○ William and Mary - Constitutional Monarchs (had to agree to a constitution first) ■ William / Mary Bill of Rights ● No interference with the law, limited powers, no taxation, no standing army, needed parliamentary approval for taxing and army, no cruel and unusual punishment ○ John Locke - Major influential character ■ Refuted Divine RIght of Kings ■ People should have complete freedom and liberty ■ Fundamental rights of life, liberty, and property ■ People have a right to revolt against a tyrant King ■ Philosophy - Need a government (Not anarchy) to protect natural rights, social contract England’s interest in America ○ Rivalry with other major European countries (More colonial power → More wealth (raw resources and new customers in NA) → Superpower of Europe) ○ Mercantilism: Set amount of wealth in the world ○ Push factors - Religious discontent and political/social/economic instability ○ Pull factors - Religious choice, economic opportunities, social experimentation (Non-monarchy) Colonial Virginia ○ The Virginia Company of London Funding - Two Joint stock companies ■ Empowered by the crown to govern themselves, the same privilege given to the colonies ○ Ships to America - Godspeed, Susan Constant, Discovery ○ Wrong kinds of people on the boat (No farmers or families) leading to a lack of authority, food, lots of disease and death ○ John Smith became the leader - “No work No food” ○ Governor Lord Lewar/ Sir Thomas Gates arrive, Divine, Political, and Martial law ○ Company brides promotion package - provided women with all essentials, promising rich husbands, cost 120 tobacco ○ Economy - Small industries began to form including tar and wood production The Salvation - Tobacco ○ Introduced by John Rolfe, Tobacco was a cash crop needing lots of land and labor but stimulated the growth of Jamestown/Virginia ○ Moved into native American land for tobacco, creating conflict ○ Marketed as a universal medicine, good for health, fashion statement, even natives thought of it as a gift from the creator, smoke carried one’s thoughts and prayers ○ King James I - Wrote against tobacco as unhealthy and harmful ○ Indentured servants - worked for 5-7 years in exchange for food, clothing, money, etc ○ Bacon’s Rebellion - Nathaniel Bacon purchased conflict land

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■ Revolt against Governor Berkeley, Declaration of the people, indentured servants joined the revolt ■ After the revolt, indentured servants are seen as unreliable and dangerous, then turned to African slaves as a labor source ■ Slave codes - First slaves were considered indentured servants, Non-Christian could be a slave, then turned to race as a determiner Slave Laws in Virginia - (Slavery did exist throughout the colonies) ○ Religion was the original basis of slavery, then became the basis of race ○ Baptism did not free slaves, Africans were enslaved for life ○ Child - Status of the child was determined by the status of the mother ○ Property - Slaves were property: reflected socioeconomic status and more dense in the south, the north had small plantations and businesses, while the south had huge plantations

Lecture 4 - Colonial New England: Land of the Prophets ● Puritan Experiments - Providence Island ○ Wanted a pure church - complaints about EVERYTHING (clothes, paintings, music, corruption) ○ Wanted a new start in America with promises of a more godly community ○ Products - Cotton, Tobacco, Sugar using slaves ○ Interferred with Spanish trade ships and the Spanish destroyed Providence Island ● Massachusetts Bay Colony ○ Puritans split between separatists and independents/Congregationalists ■ Separatists - complete separation from the church of England ■ Indep./Congr. - Church of England could be purified from within ○ Protestant predestination - Already chosen for salvation or not ○ Education was necessary for reading the Bible, req schools ○ Moderation in everything but religion ○ Focused on family and community, less on selfish things like money ○ Patriarchy/Gender Roles - Supremacy of the father ○ Soul - Two halves - Immortal/Mortal, Immortal was male, the mortal was female and more susceptible to sin ○ Feme Sole - Single woman could enter a contract, write a will, purchase/sell property ○ Feme Covert - Married women with no legal existence none of this^ ○ Female Liberty - Be a wife and a mother ○ Deputy Husbands - could take over for the male when he was away ○ John Winthrop - Leader of Massachusetts Bay Colony ■ City upon a hill speech - Visible saints and another half more interested in money but would eventually turn to full membership ● Godly Colonies - Plymouth (Absorbed by Massachusetts Bay Colony) ○ Pilgrims traveled across in the Mayflower ○ Treaty with the neighboring tribe leading to the first Thanksgiving ● Troubles in Massachusetts Bay Colony ○ Dissenters ■ Roger Williams ● Wanted Separation of Church and State ● Should purchase land from Natives ● Charged with Sedition and Heresy and banished ● Roger founded Providence Rhode Island - purchasing land ■ Anne Hutchinson ● Argued for the Covenant of Grace (Salvation is bestowed) ● Charged with Sedition and Banished ○ Salem Witch Trials ■ Sarah Goode, Sarah Osborn, Tituba charged with practicing witchcraft began a 1-year mass hysteria ● 141 accused and imprisoned, 19 hung, 1 crushed, and 17 died awaiting trial ■ The small town of Salem held many social tensions ■ Spectral evidence was allowed

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■ Confession = Forgiveness if you identified other witches ■ Wife of the governor was accused, and no more spectral evidence was allowed Explanation of Salem Witch Trials - Were actually practicing witchcraft, Class/Land disputes, Gender issues, Mold on Rye bread, Traumatic stress of the accusers

Lecture 5 - Administering the Colonies ● 18th Century Enlightenment - Reason, Logic, and Natural Law challenged the church as the authority. Human reason could combat ignorance and tyranny ● Colonial Government: ○ Royal Authority - Dependencies of the crown ○ Parliamentary Authority ■ Navigation Acts - End smuggling ■ The Lords/Board of Trade ■ Edmund Burke “Salutary Neglect” ○ Governor - Selected by the Crown/Board of Trade: Veto and appointment powers ○ Colonial Assembly - Colonial representation: Legislative, Tax, Spending, Salary powers ○ Colonial Government (eyes of England) - 1st Monarch/Parliament, 2nd Board of Trade, 3rd Colonial Governor/Assembly ○ Colonial Government (eyes of the colonies) - All equally empowered and represented ● Colonial Government Structures: ○ Jamestown ■ Virginia Assembly ■ Bicameral - Two Houses (House of Burgesses and Council) ■ Governor appointed the council, Burgesses were representatives from each county ○ Massachusetts Bay Colony ■ General Court - Vote on everything together ■ Bicameral legislature ■ Governor voted in by ← Council of assistants voted in by ← Deputies ← 2 per town ○ Middle Colony Pennsylvania ■ Land Grant was given to William Penn and ran the colony as a business monopoly ■ Quaker “Holy Experiment” ● Religious tolerance hallmark - Freedom of religion and worship ■ Enduring Republic Model of government ● Elected by male landowners ■ Unicameral ● American Colonial Class system ○ A decline in Respect/Deference ○ Gentry - Wealthy families with land/slaves ○ Land ownership, living standards, Education, upward mobility (Colonials higher in all these compared to England) ● New ideological environment ○ British common law ○ Whig Politics - Republicanism - John Trenchard and Thomas Gordon - Cato’s Letters ■ Argued against supreme supremacy of the crown/warned against tyranny ○ New England Theology ○ Enlightenment ○ Classical Thinking

Lecture 6 - The Empire Under Strain ● The War for Empire - Seven Years War/French Indian War ○ A global war between Native Americans/French Colonies/France vs. Great Britain/English Colonies/Native Americans

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○ The entrance of George Washington as a commander in the Battle of Jumonville Treaty of Paris: ○ Ends French Indian War ○ England gets Canada from the French, and Florida from Spain ○ Spain gets Louisiana from French Effects of the Treaty of Paris ○ French removed from North America ○ British Army remained in the colonies and war debt was 133 million pounds → higher taxes New British Policies ○ King George III - Known as Mad by the colonists, Farmer by the people of England ○ Lord of the Treasury George Grenville (aka. Prime Minister) ■ Tackled land and war debt ■ Proclamation of 1763 ● Stopped colonists from encroaching on Native lands - Forbade colonists from going from the Appalachian mountains to the Mississippi ■ Sugar Act - Used to make alcohol ● Hoped to end smuggling, provide for war debt ■ Currency Act - Colonist’s currency made British pound weaker ■ Stamp Act (Most important) - Tax on all things paper ■ Quartering Act - Provide housing and food to British military ■ British overreach in the colonies eyes Colonial Responses ○ Intimidated tax collectors, Boycotting British Goods ○ Stamp Act Congress - Unfair Tax = Loss of Liberty, No taxation without representation, intercolonial conference English Responses ○ Merchant protests ○ Benjamin Franklin goes to London - “Settlers defending their rights”, offended by the tax on their property, other acts are ok, not the stamp act ○ Repeal of the Stamp Act ○ Declaratory Act - Parliament control of the colonies alongside the crown

Lecture 7 - The British Try Again ● Charles Townshend Revenue Acts ○ Taxation on all imported goods to the colonies (Revenue was used to pay governor’s salary) ○ Colonists boycott imported goods - manufactured their own (Tea - 900K → 200K imports) ● New York Restraining Act ○ Suspended all acts of the New York assembly until quartering act was fulfilled ● Board of Customs Commissioners “Writs of Assistance” - Search warrant for un-taxed goods ● The Boston Massacre ○ 4000 British troops in and around Boston ○ Captain Thomas Preston ○ Riot Act protected colonists for 1 hour before soldiers could shoot ○ The same day in England - Townshend acts were repealed except the tax on tea (colonists had no idea) ○ 5 colonists dead ● Tea Act 1773 - To save East India Company by allowing them to ship their tea directly to America ( no British tax) ● Boston Tea Party - Sons of Liberty (Diverse group alongside John Adams) ○ Sale of tea would limit colonists, asked the governor to disallow the ships to dock (Governor Hutchinson) ○ Threw an entire load of tea into the water after disguising as Native Americans (2 million dollars worth) ○ Disguising as a group of Indians showed a unified group ● Response to the Boston Tea Party ○ Boston Port Act - Closed Boston’s Port except for firewood and food

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○ Massachusetts Government Act - Upper house is appointed by the British Government ○ Administration of Justice Act - Provided British officials trial in Canada or England for fairness ○ Quartering Act 2.0 - Troops could be quartered in unoccupied houses ○ General Thomas Gage - Replaced Massachusetts Governor Hutchinson The First Continental Congress ○ Created in response to intolerable acts, created a declaration and resolves list of grievances, Petition to the King for relief ○ Declares Intolerable Acts null and void ○ Boycott continuation ○ Militia mobilized for every colony ○ Agreed to meet the next year English Response ○ No negotiation from George III and Parliament asserted authority The Revolutionary Fight Begins - Lexington and Concord ○ Gen. Thomas Gage - Suppress rebellion and arrest the leaders (Sons of Liberty) ○ Concord held arms and gunpowder, British were ordered to march to Concord to gather arms and arrest leaders ○ March via Lexington in a 20-mile march. ○ Paul Revere warns the Sons of Liberty and the arms and gunpowder were moved ○ British met by Lexington militia - 8 militia killed → British were attacked at Concord - 14 British dead → On the march back emptyhanded, was a gauntlet of death - 250 British dead, 100 colonists dead → British under siege at Boston

Lecture 8 - The Revolution and Creation of the Confederation ● The Second Continental Congress and Declaration of Independence - Assumed the role of Revolutionary Government and managed war efforts ○ Represented all 13 colonies ○ Weak → broke → Army short supplied at all times ○ George Washington - Wealthy Plantation owner from Virginia, Experienced commanding in the French/Indian War, Popular and Influencial figure ■ Appointed Commander and Chief of the Colonial Forces (Thought militia were unreliable and undertrained) ■ Created the Continental Army to replace Militia ○ Reached out one last time to England with the Olive Branch petition to King George III to appeal intolerable acts ● Battle at Bunker Hill ○ Colonial militia (high ground) vs. 2,300 British assault ○ Repelled twice, third-time victorious ○ 1,000 British casualties, 400 colonial casualties ● Second Continental Congress meets again ○ Declaration of Independence - Notes change from estates/property, Social Contract, and right of revolution ○ Thomas Jefferson was an editor ○ Video in class - Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, John Hancock, John Adams, Sam Adams, King George III ● Why was independence declared ○ Long Term factors - Economical factories, Political Ideology, Salutary Neglect, Self-Rule ○ Immediate Triggers - Olive Branch Petition Refused, Common Sense - Thomas Paine, Bloodshed in Boston ● Strategic Situation ○ Prohibitory Act - Blockade stopped trade ○ British military buildup (32,000 including 9,000 German Mercenaries - Hessians) ● British Advantages - Established Government vs Second Continental Congress, Established Military, Resources, 4x Population, Loyalist support in colonies ● American Advantages - Atlantic Ocean, Colonial Size, Depth of commitment for freedom and independence, British logistical problems and dissent (Burke), Control of coastlines/cities and could fight linearly

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George Washington and his military leadership/strategies ■ Unified colonies, Continental Army, Strategy to avoid major defeat, until the cost of the war swung British public opinion ■ British surrendered because of cost and duration Strategic Situation ○ African Americans - Joined British for hopes of freedom ○ Women - Took over when men at war, Melted pots/pans for bullets, took on supporting roles of laundry, cooks ■ Some replaced fallen husband's place - Legend of Molly ...