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Test Bank- Chapter 8: Alcohol Chapter 08 Alcohol Multiple Choice Questions 1. How many calories does alcohol provide? A. 4 kcal/gB. 7 kcal/gC. 9 kcal/gD. 12 kcal/g 2. An alcoholic beverage with 15 g alcohol provides ______ kcal from alcohol. A. 105 B. 60 C. 135 D. 15 (15 g x 7 kcal/g = 105 kcal) 3. The highest concentration of ethanol is found in A. beer. B. wine. C. distilled spirits. D. wine coolers. 4. The alcohol content of an 80-proof tequila is A. 80%. B. 40%. C. 20%. D. 100%. 5. Wine generally contains ________ alcohol. A. 5% B. 5 - 14% C. 15 - 22% D. >22% 6. The process of fermentation involves all of the following EXCEPT A. simple sugars, such as maltose. B. yeast. C. carbon dioxide. D. bacteria. 7. A standard drink is defined as A. 16 oz beer. B. 12 oz wine cooler. C. 5 oz wine. D. 3 oz hard liquor. 8. A standard drink contains _____ grams of alcohol. A. 5B. 10C. 15D. 25 9. Alcohol is absorbed in the small intestine by A. passive diffusion.B. facilitated diffusion.C. simple diffusion.D. active transport. 10. Alcohol absorption occurs in the A. stomach.B. small intestine.C. esophagus.D. stomach and small intestine. 11. The ADH pathway of alcohol metabolism converts ethanol into A. citric acid. B. NADH. C. acetylCoA. D. pyruvate. 12. The main organ responsible for ethanol metabolism is the A. liver.B. pancreas.C. small intestine. D. stomach. 13. When consumed in low to moderate amounts, alcohol is primarily metabolized by the ________________ pathway. A. catalase B. MEOS C. alcohol dehydrogenase D. peroxidase 14. When the MEOS pathway is induced, alcohol tolerance _______ because the rate of alcohol metabolism __________. A. increases; decreases B. decreases; increases C. decreases; decreases D. increases; increases 15. The symptoms of acetaldehyde buildup during alcohol metabolism include A. flushing.B. rapid heartbeat.C. hyperventilation.D. All of these symptoms can occur. 16. Women absorb 30-35% more ethanol directly from the stomach than men because women A. have slower rates of gastric emptying.B. tend to eat more food when consuming alcoholic beverages.C. have lower amounts of alcohol dehydrogenase in the cells lining the stomach.D. absorb all substances, including ethanol, more efficiently.

Test Bank- Chapter 8: Alcohol

17. A typical rate of alcohol metabolism for a social drinker is A. ½ drink per hour. B. 2 drinks per hour. C. 3 drinks per hour. D. None of these choices are correct. 18. Binge drinking for a male is defined as having _______ or more drinks on a single occasion. A. 2B. 4 C. 5D. 10 19. A blood alcohol level of _____ is defined as legal intoxication in the U.S. and Canada. A. 0.05 B. 0.08 C. 0.10 D. 0.50 20. What percent of North Americans consume alcohol? A. 10%B. 33%C. 62%D. 84% 21. Binge drinking on college campuses is associated with A. academic problems.B. auto accidents. C. sexual abuse.D. All of these responses are correct. 22. The population group with the highest rate of alcohol consumption is A. elderly adults.B. teenagers. C. college students.D. middle-aged adults. 23. Moderate drinking is most accurately defined as A. up to 1 drink per day for women and 2 drinks per day for men. B. up to 7 drinks per week for women and 14 drinks per week for men. C. up to 2 drinks per day for women and 3 drinks per day for men. D. less than 1 drink per day for women and men. 24. Benefits of moderate alcohol consumption include lower rates of A. Alzheimer's disease.B. many types of cancer.C. cardiovascular disease.D. All of these responses are correct. 25. Detrimental effects of excessive alcohol consumption include higher rates of A. high blood pressure and stroke.B. cancers of the mouth and throat.C. liver disease and liver failure.D. All of these responses are correct. 26. An early sign of alcohol-induced liver damage is A. liver cirrhosis.B. ascites.C. jaundice.D. steatosis. 27. Liver cirrhosis is characterized by A. decreased synthesis of proteins made in the liver. B. abnormal retention of fluid in the abdomen.C. poor nutritional status.D. All of these answers are correct. 28. Alcoholism is associated with all of the following EXCEPT A. cirrhosis of the liver. B. jaundice. C. type I diabetes. D. alcoholic hepatitis. 29. Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome is the _______ deficiency disease that results from severe alcohol abuse. A. vitamin AB. thiaminC. niacinD. vitamin B-12 30. Alcoholics often have trouble with night blindness. This results from A. impaired absorption of several B-vitamins. B. fluid accumulation in the eye. C. damage to brain cells. D. impaired absorption and transport of vitamin A. 31. The recommendation for alcohol consumption during pregnancy is A. no alcohol at all.B. limit to one drink per week.C. to follow current guidelines for moderate drinking.D. to avoid binge drinking.

Test Bank- Chapter 8: Alcohol 32. The problems of alcohol abuse and alcohol dependency A. are very infrequent in the United States. B. affect nearly 1 in 3 Americans over a lifetime. C. are untreatable problems. D. affect only those with other serious problems, such as poverty, unemployment, or mental health disorders. 33. Which of the following is not a common nutritional concern in alcoholics? A. vitamin B-12 deficiency B. protein-energy malnutritionC. vitamin A toxicityD. iron deficiency 34. Medications used to treat alcohol dependence act on A. the brain to reduce alcohol cravings. B. the liver to block complete metabolism of alcohol. C. the stomach to prevent alcohol absorption. D. both the brain to reduce alcohol cravings and the liver to block complete metabolism of alcohol. 35. The risk of developing a problem with alcohol is higher in those A. with a biological parent with alcohol problems. B. who are women. C. who begin drinking heavily in middle-age. D. who are of Asian descent.

True / False Questions 36. When the rate of alcohol consumption exceeds the liver's metabolic capacity, blood alcohol levels increase and symptoms of intoxication develop. TRUE 37. Guidelines for safe drinking recommend that women should have no more than 2-3 drinks per day. FALSE 38. Alcohol requires no digestion. TRUE 39. Excess consumption of some alcoholic beverages can lead to deficiencies of iron and zinc. TRUE 40. Moderate alcohol intake has been associated with increased HDL cholesterol levels. TRUE 41. Excessive alcohol intake can lead to deficiencies of niacin, thiamin, vitamin B-6, vitamin B-12, and folate TRUE 42. Compared with men, women produce more alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme in the stomach. FALSE 43. Compared to men, women absorb approximately 30-35% more unaltered alcohol from the stomach into the bloodstream. TRUE 44. Extremely high blood alcohol levels can lead to respiratory failure. TRUE 45. Signs of alcohol poisoning include hypoglycemia and severe dehydration. TRUE 46. Binge drinking is associated with vandalism and suicide. TRUE 47. An 80-proof vodka or gin is 80% alcohol. FALSE 48. Because alcohol cannot be stored in the body, it has priority in metabolism over other energy sources. TRUE

Test Bank- Chapter 8: Alcohol 49. The small intestine is the primary site for alcohol metabolism. FALSE 50. Moderate alcohol consumption is most accurately defined as no more than 7 or 14 drinks per week for women and men, respectively. FALSE

Test Bank- Chapter 8: Alcohol

Chapter 9: Metabolism Connecting the Dots  Our body needs energy for performing daily activities and maintaining our bodies  Body converts energy storage in macronutrients into usable energy o Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are digested into smaller absorbable building blocks  Monosaccharides- glucose  Dipeptides- amino acids  Glycerol- backbone of triglycerides  Fatty acids  Alcohol  Smaller energy nutrients above are absorbed and released o Bloodstream (cardiovascular) if water-soluble o Lymphatic system if fat-soluble  If necessary, they are converted into molecules that can be used for energy generation o Ex: fructose needs to be broken down to glucose  Only five energy-yielding nutrients can be used to generate energy o Glucose o Amino acids o Glycerol o Fatty acids o Alcohols Metabolism: entire energy of chemical processes to maintain life  Takes place in all cells  Chemical processes used to o Generate energy o Produce needed biological compounds  Metabolic pathways are pieces of the metabolic puzzle Metabolic Pathways: sequence of biochemical reactions to convert compounds from one form to another  Anabolic pathway o Uses simpler compounds to build larger (uses energy) o Ex: amino acids, sugars, fatty acids, glycerol (simple compounds) to build large compounds while using energy o During growth, there is a net anabolic state because more tissue is being made than being broken down  Catabolic pathway o Breaks down compounds into small units (release energy)

Test Bank- Chapter 8: Alcohol

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Substrate/reactant: starting point of a pathway Intermediates: metabolites created along the way Product: finished end molecules at the end of the pathway

Catabolism Puzzle

Test Bank- Chapter 8: Alcohol

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4 major catabolic pathways (or breaking down of larger compounds into smaller units and energy is released) 1. Glycolysis: breaking down glucose i. Glucose is the main energy source for cells ii. Glucose is changed to pyruvate iii. Pyruvate is converted to Acetyl Co-A 2. Transition reaction: Acetyl-CoA comes from pyruvate 3. Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle): Acetyl-CoA molecules enter and the CAC is a series of chemical reactions that cells use to produce ATP 4. Electron transport chain: final pathway of aerobic respiration and involves the passage of electrons along a series of electron carriers, which releases energy Energy rich substrates needed to keep metabolism running 1. Include macronutrients: proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids 2. Carbohydrates are broken down into glucose (monosaccharide) i. Starts at top of the pathway and acts as a reactant of glycolysis  Amino acids and glycerol are converted into intermediates and enter the glycolysis  Fatty acids and some amino acids are converted into Acetyl Co-A and enter at this site  Last group of amino acids are converted directly into intermediates of the citric acid cycle Release of energy  Glucose, amino acids, glycerol, fatty acids, and alcohol have carbon skeletons which are broken up and carbons are removed in the form of carbon dioxide  Process released energy which is converted into Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Test Bank- Chapter 8: Alcohol o

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View of catabolism of break down of compounds into smaller units Food is digested into their component building blocks: amino acids, monosaccharides, fatty acids and glycerol 1. Glycerol (6 unit carbon) is broken down into pyruvate (2, 3 unit carbon) Pyruvate is converted into Acetyl-CoA (2 carbon unit) 1. 2 CO2 and ATP Acetyl-CoA enters the citric acid cycle and release of ATP

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)  Main form of energy in the body o Contract muscles o Conduct nerve impulses o Pump ions across membranes o Anabolic pathways  Body contains .22 lb ATP, uses 88 lb each day o Constantly recycled in metabolic pathways  Energy trapped in phosphate bonds

Test Bank- Chapter 8: Alcohol

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Molecule Adenosine made from adenine and ribose  Bound to phosphate bonds  Bonds between 1st and 2nd and bond between 2nd and 3rd phosphate trap the energy in catabolic reactions and are transferred to other chemical reactions ATP has 2 high energy bonds and will split off one phosphate group and will release the energy for cell to use and turn ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate- 2 phosphate) Energy released will be used in anabolic pathways ADP will be recycled and a phosphate is reattached, energy is trapped by ATP from a catabolic pathway and turned into ATP ADP- lower energy state and ATP- high energy state 

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NAD+ and NADH  Coenzyme found in all living cells  Synthesized from Niacin vitamin  Accepts protons (H+) from the oxidation reaction

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Oxidized- loses 1 or more electrons Reduced- gains 1 or more electrons NAD+ is involved in a redox (reduction-oxidation) reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another o Coenzyme is found in two forms  NAD+: oxidizing agent  Accepts (2) electrons from molecules

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Accepts (1) hydrogen ion Becomes reduced  NADH: reducing agent  Donates electrons to molecules  Becomes oxidized NAD plays a role in transferring a hydrogen from energy-yielding compounds to oxygen in the metabolic pathways of the cell

Enzymes  Compounds, mainly proteins, that catalyze or speed the rate of a chemical process  Not altered in the process  Will not change the products of chemical reactions/processes

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ATP Production from Carbohydrates

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Carbohydrates are digested into monosaccharides and then absorbed as glucose

Test Bank- Chapter 8: Alcohol

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o Glucose is the only carbohydrate in our body that can actually the energy metabolism Overview of carbohydrate metabolism o Glucose is starting point of glycolysis o Glucose is converted into two pyruvate molecules o Pyruvate is converted into Acetyl Co-A o Acetyl Co-A enters the CAC and usually ATP is produced in the electron transport chain

Cellular Respiration  Food molecules are oxidized to generate ATP  Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in aerobic metabolism  Stages of cellular respiration 1. Glycolysis (pyruvate) 2. Synthesis of Acetyl-CoA 3. Citric Acid Cycle 4. Electron Transport Chain  Location in the cell

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Glycolysis- cytosol Outside fluid or water-based phased of the cell's cytoplasm Synthesis of Acetyl-CoA, Citric Acid Cycle, and Electron Transport Chainmitochondria 

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Glycolysis: glucose to pyruvate  Main roles o Break down carbohydrates to generate energy o Provide building blocks for synthesizing other needed compounds

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Glucose is oxidized to 2 molecules of pyruvate Produces 2 ATP and NADH2 Pyruvate used as building block for synthesis or catabolized for energy All steps of glycolysis are irreversible

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Total energy Input of 2 ATP Output of 4 ATP Net gain  2 ATP and 2 NADH2

Acetyl-CoA  Transition reaction: pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA  Pyruvate passes from cytosol into the mitochondria  Requires 4 B-vitamins as coenzymes o Thiamin o Riboflavin o Niacin o Pantothenic acid  Produces 1 NADH2 per pyruvate o From one glucose molecule  2 Acetyl Co-A  2 NADH2

Test Bank- Chapter 8: Alcohol

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 2 CO2 Irreversible reaction

Citric Acid Cycle  Series of chemical reactions to convert Acetyl-CoA into 2 CO2 and energy  Produces 1 GTP, 3 NADH2, and 1 FADH2 per turn o From one glucose molecule  2 GTP  6 NADH2  2 FADH2  4 CO2 (from the Citric Acid Cycle)  Tricarboxylic cycle (TCA) and Krebs Cycle

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Involves the o Reduction of FAD to FADH2 o Reduction of NAD+ to NADH2 o Oxidation of Acetyl Co-A to CO2

Electron Transport Chain  Passage of electrons along a series of carriers  NADH2 and FADH2 supply electrons and hydrogen ions o Produced by glycolysis, transition reaction, and citric acid cycle  Produces 28 ATP per one glucose  Energy is transferred from NADH2 and FADH2 to ATP by oxidative phosphorylation o Requires copper and iron

Test Bank- Chapter 8: Alcohol

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NADH2 and FADH2 transfer electrons and H+ to the electron carriers 1. H+ is pumped into the outer compartment Electrons are passed from one carrier to the next releasing small amount of energy in the process Energy from the electron transfer and H+ diffusing back into inner compartment is driving ATP synthase (ATP produced) Oxygen is the final acceptor for electrons and H+ creates water

Test Bank- Chapter 8: Alcohol

Net Production of ATP from each Glucose Molecule  Reaction

Net ATP

Glycolysis

2

Citric Acid Cycle

2

Electron Transport Chain

28

Total

32

Aerobic Metabolism: pyruvate to lactate  Mitochondria or oxygen Is lacking  NADH2 from glycolysis builds up in the cell because hydrogen ions and electrons cannot be transferred to O2 o Not enough oxygen is supplied to be the final electron accepter  Pyruvate + NADH2 > Lactate + NAD+  NAD+ regenerated for glycolysis o Nets 2 ATP  Red blood cells only generate energy using this method

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Test Bank- Chapter 8: Alcohol

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Lipolysis  Breaking down triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol  Can be used o Immediately for energy o Recombined into triglycerides and stored in adipose tissue  If the body does not have enough glucose in the blood, the body sends a hormonal signal to tell triglycerides to be released from the adipose tissue o Triglycerides will be split into glycerol and fatty acids o Fatty acids are taken up from the bloodstream by cells throughout the body and are shuttled into the mitochondria by a carried called Carnitine  Example of catabolic pathway o As a large molecule (triglycerides) is being broken down into smaller molecules (fatty acids)

Test Bank- Chapter 8: Alcohol

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Beta-Oxidation  Fatty acid oxidation: fatty acids to Acetyl-CoA  Fatty acids are shuttle into mitochondria by carnitin  Cleave the carbons, 2 at a time, and convert the 2-carbon fragments into Acetyl-CoA  Fatty acid oxidation is called beta-oxidation because the process beings with the beta carbon, the 2nd carbon on a fatty acid counting after the carboxyl acid end  Energy is trapped in NADH2 and FADH2  Acetyl-CoA enters citric acid cycle  Almost all fatty acids in nature are composed of an even number of carbon o Ranging from 2-26  Difference because fatty acids have more carbons and go around the citric acid cycle more times than glucose

Test Bank- Chapter 8: Alcohol

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Top- 2 carbons are cleaved NADH2 and FADH2 are released o Middle-2 carbons are cleaved  More NADH2 AND FADH2 are released o When 2 carbons are cleaved off, they are converted into Acetyl Co-A and enter the citric acid cycle Energy yield o Fatty acid carbon yields 7 ATP  More carbon-hydrogen bonds and less carbon-oxygen bonds than glucose (less oxidized state)  Ex: 16-carbon fatty acid  B-oxidation: 0 ATP  Citric acid cycle: 8 ATP  Electron transport chain: 100 ATP  Total: 108 ATP  ATP used for activation: 2  Net ATP: 106 ATP  Glucose yields 30-32 ATP o Glucose oxidation yields 5 ATP 

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Carbohydrates and Fat Metabolism  Intermediates of citric acid cycle also enters biosynthetic pathways o Ex: oxaloacetate  Citric acid cycle slows down

Test Bank- Chapter 8: Alcohol

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o Due to insufficient oxaloacetate to combine with Acetyl Co-A Carbohydrates resupply pyruvate Pyruvate resupplies oxaloacetate

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Ketogenesis  During a glucose shortage, body uses ketogenesis to supply energy o Ex: diabetes, fasting, low carbohydrate diet  Ketone bodies are bodies of incomplete fatty acid oxidation  Ketosis: significant production of ketone bodies o Heat, muscles, and some parts of the kidneys use ketone bodies for fuel o After a few days of ketosis, the brain also begins to metabolize ketone bodies for energy  Ketone bodies can be converted back into Acetyl-CoA  Citric Acid Cycle slows down because the oxaloacetate is not resupplied by pyruvate. Large amount of fatty acids are released by adipose cells. The 2-carbons are cleaved off to become Acetyl CoA and then ...