Exam 3 Questions - Prueba PDF

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Briefly explain why the action potential flows only from the axon hillock to the terminal web.The action potential originates from the axon hillock which initiates the flow of the action potential because of the presence of higher density voltage-gated ion channels. List the 4 types of glial cells a...

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Briefly explain why the action potential flows only from the axon hillock to the terminal web. List the 4 types of glial cells and list a phrase to describe their function.

How do the glial cells (i.e., myelin sheath) speed up the firing of neurons? What could the stress of taking an exam do to your glucose levels in various parts of the body? When epinephrine is released it triggers activation of which part of the Autonomic Nervous System? Where do fats in the body play a role in balance between glucose and glycogen Explain how insulin and glucagon regulate the balance (i.e, homeostasis) between glycogen and glucose when epinephrine (i.e., adrenalin) is not involved.

The action potential originates from the axon hillock which initiates the flow of the action potential because of the presence of higher density voltage-gated ion channels. - Microglia: cleans up cellular debris - Astrocytes: support and repair neurons - Schwann Cells: myelinates axons of the neurons in the PNS - Satellite: form the brain-blood barrier within the CNS The cell wraps extensions of a fatty insulating substance (myelin) around the axons of neurons. It can raise the glucose levels in your blood

The adrenal medulla, which then triggers the hypothalamus When blood glucose levels fall, the pancreas stops releasing insulin, and cells switch to using glycogen and fat for energy. Insulin and glucagon work in what's called a negative feedback loop. During this process, one event triggers another, which triggers another, and so on, to keep your blood sugar levels balanced. During digestion, foods that contain carbohydrates are converted into glucose. Most of this glucose is sent into your bloodstream, causing a rise in blood glucose levels. This increase in blood glucose signals your pancreas to produce insulin. The insulin tells cells throughout your body to take in glucose from your bloodstream. As the glucose moves into your cells, your blood glucose levels go down. Some cells use the glucose as energy. Other cells, such as in your liver and muscles, store any excess glucose as a substance called glycogen. Your body uses glycogen for fuel between meals.

Glucagon works to counterbalance the actions of insulin.

Your mom came back from her medical appointment and said that the M.D. told her she had low bone density. What medical problem could this cause and what hormones/endocrine glands in the body are involved? One of the problems with the increased surface area of the lungs is that the __________________ could stick to each other causing the lungs to collapse. To get around this the body secretes __________________ into the lungs. To prevent back flow of blood in the heart there are __________________. There is a reserve of oxygen in the muscles held by __________________. Once inside the circulatory system __________________ is the molecule that binds oxygen. The heart contains two circuits. Name them. The lungs are in the thoracic cavity, but they are also in another cavity. What is the name of that other cavity? What is the maximum number of molecules of oxygen that can bind to hemoglobin? The heart pace maker that triggers the two atria to contract is the __________________ __________________. There are two factors that cause the release of oxygen from hemoglobin- list them. When you inhale which set of muscles uses the least amount of ATP and triggers the

About four to six hours after you eat, the glucose levels in your blood decrease, triggering your pancreas to produce glucagon. This hormone signals your liver and muscle cells to change the stored glycogen back into glucose. These cells then release the glucose into your bloodstream so your other cells can use it for energy. Osteoporosis and estrogen

alveoli, surfactant

valves myoglobin hemoglobin

pulmonary and systemic Pleural cavity

4 Sinoatrial node or sinoatrial-node

Low PO2 values Low pH diaphragm

parasympathetic nervous system? What happens to the nephron if the blood pressure drops significantly?

Give an example of homeostasis in the kidney. The collecting duct of the kidney drains into the _______________ and this enters the _______________ _______________. When arterial blood pressure falls the body compensates to raise the blood pressure. Explain this process. What does carbonic anhydrase do?

When oxygen passes from the lungs into the circulatory system as a gas, how many cells does it have to pass through to be in the circulatory system? The resting potential of neurons is: Briefly explain why the action potential flows only from the axon hillock to the terminal web. The post-synaptic cell can be in: List 4 types of glial cells and list the phrase to describe their function.

HOw do the glial cells (i.e. myelin sheath) speed up the firing of neurons?

If you have a large drop in blood pressure, which can happen if you lose a lot of blood, your nervous system will stimulate contraction of the afferent arteriole, reducing urine production. If further measures are needed your nervous system can also activate the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, a hormone system that regulates blood pressure and fluid balance. kidney retains water if the blood pressure gets to low Ureter, urinary bladder

Decreased blood flow to tissue, local accumulation of metabolic wastes, autoregulatory widening of vessels An enzyme present in red blood cells, carbonic anhydrase aids in the conversion of carbon dioxide to carbonic acid and biocarbonate ions. 2

-60 mV The action potential originates from the axon hillock which initiates the flow of the action potential because of the presence of higher density voltage-gated ion channels. glands, muscle cells, and neurons - Microglia: cleans up cellular debris - Astrocytes: support and repair neurons - Schwann Cells: myelinates axons of the neurons in the PNS - Satellite: form the brain-blood barrier within the CNS The cell wraps extensions of a fatty insulating substance (myelin) around the axons of neurons.

(T/F) The membrane potential (resting potential) is largely set by the Na-K-ATPase pump. The action potential is: (T/F) The autonomic nervous system contains the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous system. (T/F) Fast neurons as described in lecture are fast because they are surrounded by a type of glial cell that results in a myelin coating. (T/F) When the presynaptic cell contacts a muscle cell, the synapse area is called a motor end plate. The neural tissues are:

(T/F) Excitatory synapses cause hyperpolarization of post-synaptic cells. (T/F) Receptors are made from membranebound polyribosomes. (T/F) Fast neurons as described in the lecture require cytoplasmic signal transduction to open an ion channel. (T/F) The receptors in post-synaptic cells are the basis on which the synapse can be defined as inhibitory or excitatory. (T/F) The axon from a pre-synaptic cell contacts the axon of another neuron. (T/F) Only pre-synaptic neurons are coated with myelin. (T/F) Acetylcholine exocytosed from the presynaptic cell travels to the postsynaptic cell to start the action potential in the postsynaptic cell. (T/F) Excitatory synapses cause depolarization of the postsynaptic cell. (T/F) Potassium ions are at high concentrations inside of cells including in neurons. (T/F) Acetylcholine esterase breaks acetylcholine into muscarinic acid. (T/F) The axon hillock in the presynaptic neuron fires based on temporal and spatial

True

A result of the movement of ions True

False

True

Spinal cord Sensory neurons Brain False True False

False

False False True

True True

False True

summation of inputs. The Central Nervous System (CNS) contains: The terminal web: (T/F) Exitatory synapses make the postsynaptic cell less likely to fire. In the motor end plate, the event that is the immediate trigger for exocytosis is: (T/F) Voltage-gated ion channels open when a protein binds to the receptor. (T/F) The cell body refers to the part of the neurons that begin at the dendrites and extend to the axon terminal. (T/F) Vitamin D is really a hormone. (T/F) The medulla of the adrenal gland produces epinephrine. (T/F) Vitamin D causes the parathyroid to inhibit new PTH synthesis. What could the stress of taking an exam do to your glucose levels in various parts of the body? (T/F) The Parasympathetic Nervous System is triggered to act by exposure to epinephrine. (T/F) When the Sympathetic Nervous System is triggered, glycogen is broken down to glucose to provide more energy. (T/F) Insulin is produced by alpha cells. (T/F) Vitamin D is synthesized from cholesterol. Your mom came back from her medical appointment and said that the M.D. told her she had low bone density. What medical problem could this cause and what hormones/endocrine glands in the body are involved? (T/F) Insulin is a ligand. One of the problems with the increased surface area of the lungs is that the _____ could stick to each other causing the lungs to collapse. To get around this the body secretes _____ into the lungs. (T/F) The slow flow of blood in the paillaries facilitates release of oxygen. To prevent back flow of blood in the heart

There is no correct answer Is a site of exocytosis False Calcium ions False False

True True True ***It can raise the glucose levels in your blood False True

False True Osteoporosis; parathyroid

True Thoracic cavity; surfactant

True Valves

there are _____. (T/F) When the ventricles contract blood is pushed out into the artery and the artery stretches because of its elastic layers allowing the blood to continue to flow into the circulatory system while the ventricle is relaxing. The lungs are in the thoracic cavity, but they are also in another cavity. What is the name of that cavity? There are two factors that cause the release of oxygen from the hemoglobin, list them. There is a reserve of oxygen in the muscles held by _____. (T/F) Blood moves very rapidly in the capillaries.

True

Pleural cavity

***Bohr effect; Myoglobin False

(T/F) The blood flow slows down in the capillaries because the increased total area of the capillary is very large. (T/F) The inspiratory and the expiratory reserves make up the total volume in the lungs.

True

(T/F) When the systole occurs, the ventricle is contracting. (T/F) The pulmonary artery contains oxygenated blood. (T/F) Red blood cells carry CO2 back to the lungs. (T/F) When the diaphragm is relaxed, it allows air to leave the lungs including the residual volume What does carbonic anhydrase do?

True

False

False False False

Speeds up conversion of carbon dioxide and carbonic acid True

(T/F) Unlike other epithelia that make up the capillaries have holes in them called fenestrations. (T/F) The lungs have increased surface area to True increase the movement of oxygen into the circulatory system. (T/F) Surfactants are one of the later True components made in the fetus (prior birth).

(T/F) The two circuits in the heart and the cardiovascular system have the same blood pressure. (T/F) In mammals, ventilation is tidal. (T/F) The slow flow of blood in the capillaries facilitates the production of bicarbonates in the blood. (T/F) Nutrients and oxygen can leave the arteries and arterioles to reach the cells. (T/F) The partial pressure of oxygen in the lungs causes it to load into the circulatory system. Oxygen is distributed throughout the body by: (T/F) The atrioventricular node fires after the sinoatrial node. The heart contains two circuits. Name them. (T/F) Tidal breathing causes the incoming air to mix with some older air in the lungs. (T/F) Veins and venules have valves in them, but arteries and arterioles do not. When you inhale, which set of muscles use the least amount of ATP and triggers the parasympathetic nervous system? (T/F) The oxygen in the circulatory system functions to bring oxygen to every cell of the body so it can make ATP. The heart pace maker that triggers the two atria to contract is the _____ _____. (T/F) In capillaries, the blood pressure pushes nutrients out of the capillaries towards the cells. (T/F) The excretory system uses oxygen because oxygen diffuses more rapidly into the excretory system because it contains water in urine. Once inside the circulatory system _____ is the molecule that binds oxygen. (T/F) The left ventricle of the heart contains more muscle. What is the maximum number of molecules of oxygen that can bind to hemoglobin. The collecting duct of the kidney drains into

False

True True

False True

Circulatory System True Pulmonary; Systemic True True External intercostal muscles

True

Sinoatrial node True

False

Hemoglobin True 4 Ureter; urinary bladder

the _____ and this enters the _____ _____. (T/F) Urine leaves our body through the urethra. (T/F) The Bowman's capsule, the proximal convoluted tubule, and the distal convoluted tubule are in the cortex of the kidney. (T/F) Toxins including urea (in mammals) is driven out of the glomerulus into the Bowman's capsule. (T/F) The kidney controls the water balance in the body. (T/F) The inter-weaving of the circulatory system with the nephron is essential for the concentration of urea in the urine. (T/F) The kidney gets rid of toxic compounds. (T/F) Each kidney contains about one million nephrons. (T/F) The Bowman's capsule is the beginning of the nephron. (T/F) Blood pressure is the force that drives molecules out of the glomerulus into the Bowman's capsule. (T/F) The medulla of the kidney secretes epinephrine. (T/F) Efferent arterioles enter the Bowman's capsule and afferent arterioles leave the Bowman's capsule. (T/F) Blood pressure drives red blood cells and plasma proteins out of the flomerulus. (T/F) In the proximal convoluted tubule, useful molecules are collected and brought back into the circulatory system such as glucose and amino acids, but not the toxic materials. (T/F) The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron. Give an example of homeostasis in the kidney. (T/F) The kidney filters about 180 liters of blood per day.

True True

True

True True

True True True True

False False

False True

True The kidneys help maintain homeostasis by regulating the concentration and volume of body fluids. True...