Exam 3 Study Guide PDF

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Psychology 101 Exam 3 Study Guide Consists of 80 questions  Multiple choice  Possibly free response extra credit questions Chapter 7 (1/3 of the exam)  What is encoding? o Attention; involves focusing awareness on a narrow range of stimuli or events  Ways to improve encoding o Maintainaince/rehearsal  Repitition o Elaboration  Linking stimulus to other information at the time for encoding o Visual imagery o Motivation to remember o Mnemonic devices  Information processing theory o Sensory memory -> short term memory -> long term memory  Chunking o Remembering things in parts  Rehearsal o repeating  Baddley’s Model of working memory o Phonological loop  Use recitation to temporarily hold info o Visuospatial sketchpad  Temporarily hold and manipulate visual images  Remodeling your room based off of memory o Central executive system  Controls attention o Episodic buffer  Putting info together  Long-term memory o Unlimited capacity store that can hold information over lengthy periods of time  Flashbulb memories o Vivid and detailed recollection of momentous events o Less detailed and less accurate  Schema o Organized clusters of knowledge about a particular object or event from previous experience  Retrieval cues

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o Stimuli that help you gain access to your memories Context Clues o Put yourself in context in which you learned the info Tip of the tongue phenomenon o Failure to retrieve information Research on eye witness testimony o Not always reliable Errors in retrieval o Misinformation effect. The bunny effect. o Altered by the introduction of misleading post even information o Source monitoring error Forgetting curve (what is it, who researched it) Reasons we forget o Ineffective coding o Decay o Interference  Retroactive  New info impairs retention  Proactive  Previously learned info interferes with new Measures of forgetting o Retention  How much u remember o Recall measures  No clue to help remind u  Writing an essay after being asked questions o Recognition measures  Clue to help remind u  Multiple choice tests o Relearning information  Types of amnesia o Retrograde  Person loses memory for events that occurred prior to the injury o Anterograde  Person loses memories for events that occur after the injury Famous patient associated with amnesia discussed in class o HM How memory is processed in the brain Types of memory o Declarative memory- factual information  Episodic memory  Personal experiences  I remember

Semantic memory  General knowledge  I know o Non Declarative memory  Procedural memory  Memory for actions skills  Know how  Retrospective vs. prospective memory o Past vs future  Debate on recovered/repressed memories o Forget painful or bad memories  Sexual abuse o Unpleasant memories *Know videos shown in class 

Chapter 8 (1/3 of the exam)  What is decision making? o Involves evaluating alternatives and making choices among them  What is problem solving? o Active efforts to discover what must be done to achieve a goal  Barriers to problem solving o Irrelevant info o Functional fixedness  Tendancy to perceive an item only in the terms of its common use o Mental set  Using problem solving strategies that have worked in the past o Assuming unnecessary constraints  Types of problems o Problems of inducing structure  Discovering the relations among parts of the problem in order to solve it o Problems of arrangement  Arrange parts in a way that satisfies a criteria  Anagrams o Problems of transformation  Carrying out a sequence of transformations in order to reach a specific goal  What are heuristics and different types of them. o Quick decisions using mental shortcuts  Availability heuristic  Involves basing the estimated probability of an event on the case with which relevant instances come to mind  Representativeness heuristic

Basing estimated probability of an event on how similar it is to the typical prototype of the event o Coin flip likeliness Common flaws in problem solving? o Ignoring base rates o Conjunction fallacy  Estimate that the odds of two uncertain events happening together are greater than the odds of either event happening alone o Gamblers fallacy  Belief that odds of a chance event increase if the event has not occurred recently o Overestimating the improbable Gambler's fallacy o See above Name of the first intelligence scale, who developed it and why. o Alfred binet and Theodore simon created binet simon intelligence scale to find struggling school children The people who made revisions to intelligence tests over the years. o Stanford-binet o David wechsler Modern IQ tests name and age range o What is mental age? o Age which u think in Percentiles o Scored at or below you Reliability vs. validity o R: how consistent is the test o V: is the test measuring what it says it is Normal distribution Mean and SD of modern IQ tests o Mean: 100 o Sd: +/- 15 What is the Flynn effect? o Industrialized nations show an increase in iq over time Nature vs. nurture in regards to intelligence o Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence o Practical o Analytical o creative 

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Chapter 9 (1/3 of the exam)  Know the difference between drives and incentives

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o Incentive: external goal o Drive: internal tension that motivates you Brain areas implicated in eating and hunger o Lateral hypothalamus o Ventromedial nucleus o Arcuate nucleus o Paraventricular nucleus Environmental factors of hunger and eating o Palatability  Pleasure o Quantity available o Variety o Presence of others o Exposure to environmental cues associated with food Master’s and Johnson’s research & the human sexual response phases Parental investment theory states o Influence gender differences in sexual activity and sexuality o Uncommitted sex vs committed sex Theories of homosexuality o Which are supported and which are not  Environmental theories  Freudian  Behavioral  Personal histories  Biological theories  Gender differences Universally identifiable emotions o Happy o Sad o Fear o Anger o Surprise o Disgust Facial feedback hypothesis o Sexual orientation o Homeostasis Hormones associated with hunger and eating o Insulin o Ghrelin o Cck o leptin What is the achievement motive?

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o Need for success Thematic Apperception Test (type of test, purpose of it) o Studies subjects motives  Make up ambiguous stores of people and things Cognitive and Physiological components of emotions (including brain regions) o What are display rules? James-Lange theory of emotions Polygraph test o Lie detector The facial feedback hypothesis...