Exam III Study Guide PDF

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Practice Questions Chapter 9 Question

Answer

Studies of LTP provide a foundation for uncovering memory molecules

True

The existence of a memory trace is inferred when the _____ influences behavior

Training experience

Describe three methods for influencing brain function

1. Experimentally damaging a particular region of the brain 2. Injecting drugs 3. Genetic engineering

LTP is memory

False

Forgetting the location of a book or a coffee cup, only to remember it later, is an example of _____

Retrieval failure

Which of the following statements about memory and the mind is true

Memories result from behavioral experiences Behavior is the window to the mind

In inhibitory avoidance conditioning, it is assumed Response latency that the strength of the memory trace is reflected in the _____ Amnesia for events experienced prior to the blow to the head that caused it is an example of _____

Retrograde amnesia

What is the difference between amnesia due to a retrieval failure vs a storage failure

Memories can be recovered if the amnesia is a retrieval failure but not it if is a storage failure

On a probe test in the Morris water task the hidden true platform is removed In the object in context task animals memory is False demonstrated if the animal explores the object that was present in the training context Why is test behavior considered the window to the Because without a measurable behavioral test memory trace response, there would be no evidence that the training phase produced a memory trace When the response measure is at its maximum, researchers should be wary of the ______

Ceiling effect

If amnesia is due to a retrieval failure it can be recovered

True

Explain the floor effect

When a treatment is hypothesized to impair the memory processes that produce avoidance behavior, but the performance measure was too low to be further reduced by the drug

If the experimenter wants to study a drug that might interfere with memory then the floor effect

True

would be a problem to avoid Which of the following is true

Behavior is the window to memory Many component systems contribute to behaviors used to test memory retrieval Emotional processes can interfere with memory retrieval

What is a time-limited retrograde amnesia

A failure to remember an experience that happened just prior to the occurrence of the disrupting event, yet maintaining memories of older experiences

Which of the following are true about inhibitory avoidance conditioning and fear conditioning

Both are measures of aversive learning Only one trail is needed to produce the memory

List three differences between a short-term memory trace and a long-term memory trace

1. Duration 2. State 3. Vulnerability to disruption/decay rate

Long-term memories are more vulnerable to disruption than short-term memories

False

An advantage of the inhibitory avoidance task is that only one trial is needed to produce a behavioral change

True

Which of the following is true

Both DREADDs and optogenetic methods depend on viral vector delivery systems Viral vector systems deliver genetic material

Activation of channelrhodopsin by blue light will allow sodium to enter the channel

True

What is the function of channelrhodopsin and halorhodopsin

When activated by blue light, channelrhodopsins could be stimulated to open and close with millisecond precision and conduct positive ions with the result of depolarizing the neuron Halorhodopsins, when stimulated with green light, conduct negatively charged chloride ions and thereby hyperpolarize the neuron

Which of the following statements about inhibitory avoidance condition is true

Longer latencies reflect a stronger memory trace The dependent variable is crossover latency As shock intensity increases, so does response latency

If damage to a particular brain region impairs test performance, we can assume that regions contained memory neurons

false

What is the consolidation period

The time it takes to increase the resistance or a newly formed memory to disruption

Limited retrograde amnesia produced by a concussion likely affects only memories in the active state

true

Amnesia is always due to a storage failure

false

Damage to a particular brain region, X, impaired performance on a memory test. This result is consistent with the hypothesis that X is a memory storage region

True

The DREADD methodology takes more time to activate or inhibit neurons than optogenetics

true

How is the visible-platform task used to evaluate results observed in the place-learning task? Explain why

If a treatment has no effect on performance on the visible-platform task, then one would be more confident about concluding that the treatment influenced some aspect of memory. This is because the task makes no demand on spatial memory of the platform location

______ allows scientists to control one type of cell Optogenetics without altering other types Which of the following statements about memory is false

Short-term memory traces are in the inactive state and are easy to disrupt Time limited retrograde amnesia is more likely to affect long-term memory

Explain why genetic engineering is believed to be more precise than applying drugs in manipulating the molecules involved in memory

Drugs are said to be “dirty” meaning they are not highly selective to the intended target and it is hard to control for the spread of the drug to other regions. Moreover, by using biotech to directly influence the genome, it is possible to modify or delete the gene for a particular protein or to transfer new genes into the genome

Viral vectors are not part of the optogenetics methodology

False

Activation of Channelrhodopsin by green light will allow sodium to enter the channel

False

Which of the following is a feature of the placelearning task

The platform remains in the same location in each trial

Short-term memories decay more rapidly than long-term memories

True

Behavior is the product of many subcomponent systems

true

,memories are the product of organisms ___ with their _____

Interacting; environments

_____ operate on a much longer time frame than optogenetics

DREADDs

If amnesia is due to a storage failure it can be recovered

False

In fear conditioning, the duration of the ____ is an Freezing response; strength indicator of the _____ of the memory Fear conditioning provides the opportunity to measure both context learning and auditory-cue learning

True

Place learning in the Morris water task uses a visible platform

False

The object recognition test memory is demonstrated if the animal spends more time exploring the new object

true

The advantage of stereotaxic surgery is that the experimenter can precisely place the electrode or cannula in the desired location

true

What are the unconditioned stimulus, the conditioned stimulus, and the conditioned response in fear conditioning

Electrical shock; auditory stimulus; freezing

Viral vectors are used to deliver drugs to specific regions in the brain

False

Viral vectors are used to deliver mRNA constructs true to specific regions in the brain The ECS methodology did not advance our understanding of memory because it was already known that

Newly acquired memories are vulnerable to disruption

In fear conditioning, shocked rats display more _____ than rats that were not shocked

Freezing

When memories are consolidated

They become resistant to disruption They decay at a slower rate

What is the significance of the learningperformance distinction

It recognizes the challenge the researcher has in being sure that the treatment exerted its effect by its influence on the memory component rather than some other component process that could also influence performance

The ____ is often used as a control task to evaluate alternative interpretations of the effect of brain manipulation on performance in the placelearning task

Visible-platform task

Which of the following statements about memory and the brain is true

Memories result from behavioral experiences Studies of synaptic plasticity provide hypotheses about what molecules are involved in memory

Which of the following statements about opsins is true

Channelrhodopsin can excite neurons by depolarizing them Halorhodpsin can inhibit neurons by hyperpolarizing them

Chapter 10 Question

Answer

The formation of a memory trace begins when a behavioral experience activates a neuronal ensemble that represents the experience

true

The formation of a memory trace begins when a ____ activates a set of ____ neurons

Behavioral experience; weakly connected

Morris used genetically engineered mice in the first study that investigated the role of NMDA receptors in memory formation

False

Every functional NMDA receptor has _____ subunits

GluN1

Deleting the GluA1 subunit _____ working memory but has ____ effect on reference memory

Prevents; no

AMPA receptors are needed only for memory acquisition, but NMDA receptors are required for both acquisition and retrieval

False

To influence NMDA function, Morris

Used a pharmacological approach Infused APV into the brain Implanted a cannula into a cerebral ventricle Tested rats in the space-learning swim task

An important step in the generation of a memory is the release of glutamate onto dendritic spines

true

Morris was the first to find a possible role for He implanted a cannula into a ventricle to delver NMDA receptors in memory formation. What was an NMDA receptor antagonist. He assessed the his essential methodology effect by studying its effect on the hidden platform version of the water task GluN1 subunits are necessary to form functional NMDA receptors

true

Tonegawa deleted the _____ in ______in the CA1 field of the mouse hippocampus

GluN1 subunit; pyramidal cells

What are ampakines

Ampakines bind to a site on AMPA receptors and increase the duration of the channel opening when glutamate also binds to the receptor

Describe the composition of the NMDA receptor

Each receptor has 4 subunits, and they are some combination of GluN1 and GluN2 classes

Ampakines are neither agonists nor antagonists

true

The CA1KO mouse was able to display LTP in the False CA1 regions but not in the dentate gyrus Why would infant mice display stronger LTP than

Because the ratio of GluN1-GluN2B to GluN1-

older mice

GluN2A receptor complexes is higher in the infant mice and GluN1-GluN2B receptors pass more calcium

NMDA receptors are required for both the acquisition and the retrieval of memories

False

Explain why it is possible to induce LTP in the dentate gyrus of the Ca1KO mouse, but not in the CA1 region of the brian. How does this affect the mouse’s performance in the place-learning task

The genetically engineered deletion targeted the NMDA receptors in CA1 pyramidal cells but not the dentate gyrus. The mouse’s memory was impaired and it could not learn to swim to the platform

Working memory cannot be studied in animals because they cannot communicate what problems they are trying to solve

false

Is it reasonable to expect that behavioral experiences that produce memories would need the LIMK signaling pathway? What

Yes because actin polymerization is necessary for synaptic changes in LTP

When _____ subunits dominate, it is easier to induce LTP than when ____ subunits dominate

GluN2B; GluN2A

GluN1 subunits are not required to form functional NMDA receptors

False

Roberto Malinow’s lab used 2 strategies to prove that fear conditioning drives AMPA receptors into amygdala neuron synapses. What were they

1. Creating identifiable GluA1 receptors and infected neurons in the amygdala with these receptors to show that fear conditioning would drive them into synapses 2. Created dummy receptors to compete with endogenous receptors and showed that their presence impaired fear conditioning

The Doogie mouse was engineered to overexpress True GluN2B receptors If the GluA1 is deleted reference memory is the radial maze will be ______

normal

Richard Morris was the first researcher to directly investigate the role of ______ in memory formation

NMDA receptors

GluN1-GluN2A receptor complexes influx more calcium than GluN1-GluN2B receptor complexes

False

Which of the following statements about NMDA receptors is true

NMDA receptor channels allow calcium to enter the cell

Ampakines cross the _____ and bind to a site on the ____ receptor

Blood-brain barrier; AMPA

Ampakines are an example of a receptor modulator

true

GluA1 KO mice

Display long-lasting LTP Have impaired working memory

GluN1-GluN2B receptors to GluN1-GluN2A ratio false increases during development In the radial arm maze methodology, if a rat revisits an arm, it is making an ____ error

Working memory

How did Tonegawa’s lab discover a role for the GluN1 receptor

They deleted the gene for this receptor in the CA1 region in mice and found that it impaired performance in the hidden platform task

The Doogie mouse is genetically engineered to overexpress ____ subunits

GluN2B

WHich strategies did Malinow’s lab use to the role He used a virus to deliver dummy AMPA of AMPA receptors in memory formation receptors to the amygdala He used a virus to deliver artificial AMPA receptors to the amygdala He used a fear conditioning procedure Remembering the plot of a book you read a few months ao is an example of working memory

False

Fear conditioning increased the presence of phosphorylated CaMKII in dendritic spines. This result means that the conditioning experience _____ this _____

Activated; kinase

Malinow’s experiments showed that memory for the fear experience, as measured by the rat’s ______, depends on trafficking AMPA receptors with _____ into the membrane

Freezing response; functional GluA1 subunits

A behavioral experience that produces a memory is likely to result in more phosphorylated cofilin and more autophosphorylation CaMKII

true

As the nervous system develops. ___ subunits tend to be replaced by ___ subunits

GluN2B; GluN2A

The Doogie mouse was engineered to overexpress False GluN2A receptors WHen glutamate and ampakines both bind to the AMPA receptor the channel stays open ____

longer

The Doogie mouse was engineered to overexpress True GluN2B receptors In Malinow’s AMPA receptor trafficking experiment, what was the difference between the rats in the paired condition and the rats in the unpaired condition

After training, rats in the paired condition had more GluA1 receptors in the plasma membrane than rats in the unpaired condition

Provide an example of working memory

Memorizing a list of groceries and discarding it

from your memory once you are done shopping Which of the following statements about the CA1KO mouse is true

GluN1 subunits are absent in the CA1 region LTP can be induced in the dentate gyrus

Describe how the radial arm maze can be used to study both working and reference memory

1. Working memory requires that the animal rember which arm was already visited 2. Reference memory requires that the animal discriminate between the arms always baited and the arms never baited

Which of the following statements are true

AMPA receptors are important in both the induction and expression of LTP NMDA receptors are important in the induction, but not the expression of LTP

The ______ of _____ may be critical for the rapid formation of a memory, but other processes can compensate for this contribution when multiple training trials occur

Autophosphorylation; CaMKII

Which of the following support the hypothesis that Genetically deleting CaMKII prevents acquisition CaMKII is important for memory formation Preventing autophosphorylation of CaMKII interferes with one trial learning In the radial arm maze method, if a rat revisits an arm that was never baited, it is making an _____ error

Reference memory

Which of the following is true

Reference memory and working memory both require glutamate receptor activation

Chapter 11 Question

Answer

Short-term memories are more vulnerable to disruption than long-term memories

true

When trying to assess the effect of a gene or drug on short-term memory, the retention interval is _______

4 hours or less

What it the key independent variable manipulated to determine if a molecule is selectively involved in LTM but not STM

Retention interval

The decay rate for long-term memories is more rapid than the decay rate for short-term memories

False

What is the retention interval

The time between the training experience that established the memory and the test used to retrieve the memory

If _____ is inhibited BDNF will not be transcribed

C/EBP-beta

Which of the following statements about memory

Blocking CREB translation impairs STM

is false

Neuron that overexpress CREB do not compete successfully for selection in the neuronal ensemble

A memory may be considered consolidated when it is no longer vulnerable to transcription and translation inhibitors

true

Rapamycin ____ the function of the mTORC1 complex

inhibits

The idea that a behavioral experience can generate Genomic signaling hypothesis the transcription of new genetic material is called the ______ To determine the role of a molecule in memory consolidation that experiment should use at least two retention intervals

true

If mTOR is inhibited by rapamyci 5 minutes after avoidance conditioning

Memory retention would not be impaired at any retention interval Memory retention would not be impaired if the retention interval is 1 hour or less

What is the importance of the 2 distinct peak levels of BDNF expression

One peak occurs 1 hour after training and is critical for fear response memory on 1-day and 7day retention intervals. The second occurs 12 hours later and supports the memory on ...