EXAM Study Guide PDF

Preview

Summary

EXAM STUDY GUIDE...

Description

1) The term used to describe all of the chemical reactions within a cell is ______. A. catabolism B. redox reactions C. phosphorylation

A. enzymes releasing energy. B. breaking and forming bonds. C. enzymes binding to products. D. reactants always releasing energy. 5) Each of the following are true of enzymes except

D. metabolism A. they can be used over and over. E. cellular respiration 2) Enzymes are

B. they may or may not require cofactors.

A. broken down in reactions that require energy input.

C. their active site is specific to the substrate.

B. proteins that function as catalysts.

D. they increase the activation energy of a reaction.

C. used up in chemical reactions. D. not needed for catabolic reactions. E. carbohydrate or protein in composition. 3) The formation of peptide bonds between amino acids to build a polypeptide is an example of ______.

E. their action may involve minerals. 6) The cell's metabolic reactions involve the participation of ______ that lower the activation energy needed for the initiation of a reaction.

A. cofactors B. vitamins

A. anabolism C. enzymes B. phosphorylation D. ATP C. fermentation D. catabolism E. glycolysis 4) Reactants are converted to products by

E. coenzymes 7) An apoenzyme is ______.

A. part of a simple enzyme B. also called a coenzyme

C. the protein part of a holoenzyme

E. ribozymes 11) Ribozymes are ______.

D. often an inorganic metal ion E. an RNA molecule 8) A holoenzyme is a combination of a protein and one or more substances called ______.

A. ribosomes which catalyze reactions B. unique to prokaryotes C. unique to eukaryotes

A. substrates B. apoenzymes C. catalysts

D. catalysts for RNA splicing E. catalysts for DNA splicing 12) Enzymes that are only produced when substrate is present are termed ______.

D. cofactors A. exoenzymes E. ribozymes 9) Important components of coenzymes are _______.

B. endoenzymes C. constitutive enzymes

A. vitamins B. metallic ions C. active sites D. substrates E. ribozymes 10) A type of cofactor would be ______.

A. vitamins B. metallic ions C. active sites D. substrates

D. induced enzymes E. conjugated enzymes 13) Enzymes that catalyze the removal of electrons from one substrate and the addition of electrons to another are called ______. A. transferases B. oxidoreductases C. lyases D. isomerases E. ligases 14) The bacterial genus Bacillus can utilize starch as a nutrient by splitting the starch molecule into smaller molecules of glucose with the addition of water. The enzymes to do this would be classified as ______.

A. transferases B. oxidoreductases C. ligases D. hydrolases E. isomerases 15) Enzymes that catalyze the removal of a a functional group and its subsequent attachment to a new substrate are called ______. A. transferases B. oxidoreductases C. isomerases D. lyases E. ligases 16) The most likely place where an exoenzyme participates in a chemical reaction is ______. A. in mitochondria B. within the cell membrane C. in lysosomes D. in cytoplasm E. outside of the cell 17) All of the following are exoenzymes except ______.

C. nitrate D. cytochrome C E. FAD 19) Anabolic reactions that involve ligases and release water molecules when bonds are formed are called ______ reactions. A. reduction B. condensation C. oxidation D. transfer 20) Your bacterium is growing on a type of medium called casein agar, which contains milk protein (casein). There is a clear zone around the growth area of the bacterium, showing that it is synthesizing the enzymes needed to catalyze the breakdown of casein. These enzymes are considered ______. A. apoenzymes B. exoenzymes

A. ATP synthase B. streptokinase C. penicillinase D. collagenase 18) During aerobic cellular respiration, the final electron acceptor is ______.

C. ribozymes D. endoenzymes 21) Enzymes that function inside a cell are ______.

A. apoenzymes B. exoenzymes

A. pyruvic acid C. constitutive enzymes B. oxygen

D. regulated enzymes E. endoenzymes 22) Enzymes that are always present, regardless of the amount of substrate, are ______.

A. apoenzymes B. exoenzymes C. constitutive enzymes D. regulated enzymes E. endoenzymes 23) When enzyme action stops due to a buildup of end product that acts as a regulatory molecule, this control is called ______.

A. competitive inhibition B. enzyme induction C. enzyme repression D. noncompetitive inhibition 24) Each of the following are denaturing agents except ______.

A. high temperature B. low temperature C. high pH D. low pH 25) Noncompetitive inhibition is best described as A. the substrate binding to DNA,

blocking enzyme transcription. B. the end product binding to DNA, blocking enzyme transcription. C. the substrate binding to enzyme in a regulatory site. D. the end product binding to enzyme in noncompetitive site. E .an anabolic reaction 26) Metabolic pathways that regenerate their starting molecule are called _____ pathways. A. linear B. bidirectional C. convergent D. cyclic E. divergent 27) When the product of reaction A becomes the reactant of reaction B, this exemplifies a _______ metabolic pathway. A. linear B. bidirectional C. convergent D. cyclic E. divergent 28) All of the following pertain to glycolysis except

A. it occurs without oxygen. B. it ends with formation of pyruvic acid.

C. it occurs during fermentation. D. it degrades glucose to CO2 and H2O. E. it involves reduction of NAD 29) Glycolysis uses 2 ATP and produces

A. glycolysis B. the Krebs cycle C. the electron transport system D. photosynthesis

A. 2 ATP only if oxygen is present. B. 2 ATP without oxygen. C. 4 ATP only if oxygen is present. D. 4 ATP without oxygen 30) The formation of citric acid from oxaloacetic acid and an acetyl group begins ______.

E. fermentation 33) In bacterial cells, the electron transport system is located in the ______.

A. cell membrane B. mitochondria C. chloroplasts

A. glycolysis D. ribosomes B. the electron transport system C. the Krebs cycle D. fermentation E. oxidative phosphorylation 31) Which of the following is not part of the step that occurs between glycolysis and the Krebs cycle?

E. cytoplasm 34) Each NADH that enters the electron transport system results in the production of _____ ATPs.

A. 2 B. 3 C. 24

A. Reduction of NAD+ D. 36 B. Coenzyme A attaches to an acetyl group C. Oxidation of pyruvic acid D. Pyruvic acid accepts electrons from NADH 32) The majority of NADH is produced in ______.

E. 38 35) As the electron transport carriers shuttle electrons, they actively pump _____ into the outer membrane compartment, setting up a concentration gradient called the proton motive force.

A. ATP

A. 2

B. phosphate

B. 3

C. hydrogen ions

C. 24

D. oxygen

D. 36

E. NADH 36) In which pathway is the most NADH generated?

E. 38 39) In which stage of aerobic respiration is water produced?

A. The electron transport system

A. Glycolysis

B. The Krebs cycle

B. The Krebs cycle

C. Glycolysis D. Alcoholic fermentation E. Mixed acid fermentation 37) During which phase of cellular respiration is the majority of ATP formed?

C. The electron transport system 40) How many carbon dioxide molecules are produced by the complete aerobic breakdown of one glucose molecule?

A. 2 B. 3

A. Electron transport system C. 4 B. The Krebs cycle D. 5 C. Glycolysis D. Processing of pyruvic acid for the Krebs cycle E. All phases produce the same number of ATP molecules 38) In bacterial cells, when glucose is completely oxidized by all the pathways of aerobic cellular respiration, what is the maximum number of ATP generated?

E. 6 41) An oxidase detection test can be used to identify certain bacteria because they are missing or lack expression of ______.

A. cytochrome C oxidase B. NAD C. mitochondria

D. ATP synthase E. coenzyme Q 42) What chemical causes death in many eukaryotes because it blocks cytochrome C oxidase?

45) The reactions of fermentation function to produce _______ molecules for further use in glycolysis.

A. pyruvic acid B. ATP

A. Copper C. NAD+ B. Iron D. NADH C. Cyanide D. Oxygen E. Carbon monoxide 43) Which of the following is not true of anaerobic respiration?

E. glucose 46) When glucose is broken down by glycolysis during bacterial fermentation, what is the usual net production of ATP? A. 2

A. It involves glycolysis.

B. 3

B. It generates some ATP.

C. 24

C. It utilizes an electron transport system.

D. 36

D. It uses the same final electron acceptor as aerobic respiration. 44) Reduction of nitrogen-oxygen ions and compounds by some bacteria is called ______.

A. aerobic respiration B. denitrification

E. 38 47) Mixed acid fermentation

A. produces butyric acid. B. occurs in all bacteria. C. produces several different acids plus CO2 and H2 gases. D. is seen in Streptococcus and Lactobacillus.

C. nitrification D. fermentation E. deamination

E. also produces ethanol 48) Fermentation ______.

A. requires an organic electron acceptor B. requires oxygen C. only occurs in aerobic organisms D. is equivalent to aerobic respiration in ATP production E. is the same as anaerobic respiration 49) T or F: ATP is composed of deoxyribose, adenine, and three phosphate groups 50) T or F: ATP synthase is a complex enzyme needed for oxidative phosphorylation 51) T or F: All aerobic bacterial species have identical electron acceptors in their electron transport systems 52) T or F: Only yeast produce alcohol as a fermentation product. 53) T or F: Microbes can utilize only carbohydrates for energy production. 54) When comparing fermentation and anaerobic respiration, which statement would be true? A. Fermentation and anaerobic respiration are the same. B. Fermentation produces carbon dioxide, whereas anaerobic respiration does not. C. Anaerobic respiration and fermentation both employ the electron transport system. D. Both anaerobic respiration and fermentation use phosphorylation to make ATP 55) The space between the cell membrane and the cell wall is important during aerobic respiration. Why? A. Hydrogen ions are transported out into the space to set up a hydrogen gradient. B. Cytochrome electron carriers are

located in the space. C. Oxygen combines with electrons in that space to form water. D. Pyruvate is transported into the space to be converted into acetyl coenzyme A to enter the Krebs cycle 56) Below is a metabolic pathway having 3 chemical reactions and 3 enzymes. Enzyme 1 has 2 binding sites-- 1 for the substrate A and another for the end product D. As the pathway proceeds, the end product in higher quantities will react with enzyme 1, blocking the enzyme's binding to the substrate. Which statement is true about this pathway?

enz1 enz2 enz3 Substrate A --> B --> C --> D end product A. This is a case of noncompetitive inhibition. B. As a result of the inhibition of the enzyme, there will eventually be less substrate converted to the end product D. C. Enzyme 1 has an active site and a regulatory site. D. All of the choices are correct 57) Which of the following metabolic system descriptions is mismatched?

A. Cyclic - the starting molecule is regenerated to initiate another turn B. Convergent - a linear pathway branches into two or more alternative processes C. Linear - the product of enzyme A becomes the substrate for enzyme B

D. Divergent - one or more branches deviate from a linear path 58) Which of the following processes is endergonic?

C. 36 D. 2 E. 30

A. Beta oxidation of fatty acids B. Carbon fixation C. The oxidation of glucose D. Deamination E. Burning wood 59) What process is described here? A concentration gradient of H+ ions is created in the periplasmic space by actively transporting the ions across the membrane using the energy liberated when carrier molecules are oxidized. When the H+ ions pass through ATPase, enough energy is generated to add phosphate groups onto ADP molecules. A. Fermentation B. The Calvin cycle C. Substrate-level phosphorylation D. Oxidative phosphorylation E. Deamination 60) Glycolysis and the Krebs cycle yield 10 molecules of NADH per molecule of glucose. How many molecules of ATP will be made from them in the electron transport system?

A. 10 B. 38...