Examen accent recognition apunts PDF

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RP ENGLISH 1. “R”: non-rhotc [ ɹ], barely audible [r] RP / NRP is a non-rhotic accent. This means that the pronunciation of the phoneme /r/ is either very sof [ɹ], not pronounced at all or just barely audibly [ r]: o

Non-rhotic /r/ is only pronounced before a vowel, e.g.:

- remember [ɹəˈmem.bə] - very [veɹ.i] o

Not pronounced or barely audible in mid and final positions:

- work /wɜːk/ or [wɜːrk] - earth /ɜːθ/ or [ɜːrθ] - tremor [ˈtɹe.mə] or [ˈtɹe.mər] 2. Syllable clipping Many NRP speakers clip the final vowel in words ending “-ary” or “-ory”, e.g.: - library /ˈlɑɪbri/ - mandatory /ˈmɑndətri/. - momentary /ˈmeʊməntri/ - military /ˈmɪlɪtri/ 3. /tj dj/  /tʃ dʒ/ Another feature of NRP which distinguishes it from RP (see also /e ə/  /ɛː/) is the realisation of sequences /tj/ or /dj/: - choose /tʃuːz/ (NRP), but /tjuːz/ (RP ) - module /ˈmɒdʒuːl / (NRP), but /ˈmɒdjuːl/ (RP) This NRP feature can also be found across word boundaries: - can’t you see? /ˈkɑːntʃuː siː/ (NRP), but /ˈkɑːntjuː siː/ (RP) - did you call? /ˈdɪdʒuː kɔːl/ (NRP), but /ˈdɪdjuː kɔːl/ (RP) -------------------------------------AMERICAN ENGLISH 1. WORD STRESS. GenAm speakers tend to shif the stressed syllable of words that come from French compared to speakers in Ireland and Britain: i.e. they stress the second syllable. Here are some common examples: GenAm

Britsh

address* /ˈæ.dres/

address /ə.ˈdres/

adult / ə. ˈd əlt/

adult / ˈæ.d ʌlt /

ballet /bæ.ˈleɪ/

ballet /ˈbæ.leɪ/

brochure /broʊ. ˈʃər/

brochure /ˈbr əʊ.ʃə/

cliché /kli.ˈʃeɪ/

cliché /ˈkliː.ʃeɪ/

debris /d ə.ˈbri/

debris /ˈdeɪ.briː/

garage /ɡə.ˈrɑʒ/

garage /ˈɡæ.rɑːʒ/

perfume /pə r.ˈ fuːm/

perfume /ˈ pə r.fuːm/

2. RHOTIC R GenAM is rhotic, so /r/ is pronounced in all positions (initial, mid and final): o

really /rɪlɪ/

o

horse /hɔːrs/

o

work /wɜːrk/

o

hour /aʊr/

3. Syllabic /ŗ/ or /ļ Some GenAM speakers render syllable final “er”, “el/le/ile” as /ər/, /əl/, respectively in words with two or more syllables. But more commonly they use /r/ or /l/ as a syllabic consonant, i.e. to mark the syllable instead of /ə/, e.g.: o

worker /ˈ wɜ rkŗ/ (or /ˈwɜːk ər/)

o

believable /bəˈ livəbļ/ (or /bəˈlivəbəl/)

o

mobile /ˈ moʊ.bļ/ (or /ˈmoʊ.bəl/)

4. t-voicing /t/  /d/

GenAm speakers voice /t/  /d/ in intervocalic positions when… ◦

/t/ follows a stressed vowel:

unforgetable /ʌ n.fʌ.ˈge.dəb.ļ/ or /ʌn.fʌ. ˈge.də.bəl/ ◦

/t/ follows a vowel + /r/:

started /ˈstaːr.dɪd/

◦

Including when /t/ is followed by a syllabic /ļ/ or /ŗ/:

traitor /trei.dər/ or /trei.dŗ/ ◦

This also applies across word boundaries:

hate it /ˈhe ɪd ɪt/ 5. Yod-dropping Yod refers to a “y-sound” as in “yes /j/. NRP/RP speakers include this sound in many words with /t d n s z/ followed by /uː /, e.g. “Tuesday”, “duke”, “news”, “assume” or “presume”. Most GenAm speakers tend to drop the yod in these cases, e.g.: - Tuesday /ˈ tuːz.di/ (NRP = /ˈtʃuːz.dei/ RP = /tjuːz.dei)* - compare - duke /duːk/ (NRP = /dʒuːk/ RP =/djuːk/)* - news /nuːz/ (NRP = /njuːz/ ) - compare - assume /ə .ˈsuːm/ (NRP = /ə.ˈsjuːm/) - presume /prə.ˈzuːm/ (RP = /prə.ˈzjuːm/) 6. VOWELS CONTD /ɒ/  /ɑ/ (approximately) GenAm speakers usually do not have the NRP rounded back vowel /ɒ/ as in “lot”. Again they use a sound close to /ɑ/, e.g. - stop /stɑp/ 7. Words ending “-ile Many words ending “-ile” are pronounced /ɑɪ l/ by NRP speakers. GenAm speakers pronounce it /əl/ or reduce it further to a syllabic /ļ/, e.g. Play the recordings to hear the contrast o

agile /ˈæ.dʒəl/ (or /ˈæ.dʒļ/)

o

fertile /ˈfɜr.təl/ (or /ˈfɜrtļ/)

o

missile /ˈ mɪ.səl/ or (/ˈmɪsļ/)

o

versatile /ˈ vɜ r.sə.təl / (or /ˈvɜr.sə.tļ/)

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SCOTS ENGLISH 1. VOWELS. Scots speakers use fewer vowels than NRP speakers (about 5 less depending on the region) and there is no phonemic vowel length distinction in Scots. For example, Scots speakers usually don’t make distinctions such as “fill” /fɪl/ vs. “feel” /fiːl/.

o

/æ/ for /ɑː/

e.g. last /ɫæst/; afer /ˈ æfer/ o

/ɪ / or /i/ for /iː/

e.g. been /bɪn/; steering wheel /ˈstɪrɪn ʍɪɫ/ o

/ɒ / or /ɔ / for /ɔː/

e.g. cot /kɒt/; caught /kɔt/, or both can be pronounced /k ɒt/ o

[ʉ] for /uː/ and /ʊ/

Scots speakers use the vowel [ ʉ], pronounced like /uː / but further forward in the mouth. In fact it is used when NRP would use /u ː/, e.g.: - smooth [smʉθ] But, Scots speakers also use /ʉ/ when NRP speakers use /ʊ/. This means they do not distinguish minimal pairs, e.g.: - full and fool = [fʉ ɫ] - pull and pool = [pʉ ɫ] 2. DIPHTONGS. Scots speaker reduce some NRP diphthongs to short vowels, typically in the following cases: o

/e/ or /ɛ/ for /e ə/ or /ɛː/:

- there /ðer/ or / ðɛr/ o

/ɪ/ or /i/ for /ɪə/:

- experience /ekˈspɪrɪens/ 3.RHOTIC R. One of the clearest and distinguishing features of Scots English is the rhotic “r”, similar to the “r” in “para” [ɾ] or even “parra” [r] in Spanish. Unlike NRP, it is clearly pronounced in all positions (initial, mid, final), e.g.: - year /jɪr/ - work /wɜrk/ - rather /ˈræðer/

4. ASPIRATED “WH” [ʍ] Many modern English words beginning “wh-” /w/, have their origin in Old English and Middle English which began “hw-”. Unlike the case for NRP, Scots speakers distinguish between words beginning “wh-” and “w-”. The former is pronounced like an aspirated /h/ followed by /w/ and is represented by the phonetic symbol [ʍ].

This means they distinguish between minimal pairs such as: - which [ʍɪʧ] vs. witch /wɪʧ/ - where [ʍɛr] vs. wear /wɛr/ Note: this is a feature commonly found in Southern Irish speakers also. 5. DARK L [ɫ] NRP speakers tend to use both clear and dark “l” ([l] or [ɫ]), depending on where it falls in the syllable group: initial = [l]; mid/final = [ɫ]). For example label [ ˈle ɪb əɫ]. However, Scots speakers tend use dark “l” [ ɫ] in all positions, e.g.: - later [ ˈɫe.ter], calm [kæɫm], hostile [ˈhɒ.staɪl] 6. X Another unique feature of Scots English is the pronunciation of “-ch”, a consonant which is very similar to the Spanish “jota” and is represented by the phonetic symbol [x], e.g.: - loch [ɫɒx] - nicht (night) /nɪxt/ 7. “-th” or “-ths” Commonly, some words ending “-th” and plurals ending “-ths” are pronounced by NRP speakers as /ð/ or /ðz/, in words such as “youths”, “with” or “booth”. Scots speakers, however, tend to use the voiceless equivalents, /θ/ or /θs/. For example: Scots English

NRP

youths /jʉθs/ youths /juːðz/ with /wɪθ/

with /wɪð/

booth /bʉθ/

booth /buːð/

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IRISH ENGLISH 1. TH Stopping Many words ending “-ile” are pronounced /ɑɪ l/ by NRP speakers. GenAm speakers pronounce it /əl/ or reduce it further to a syllabic /ļ/, e.g. Play the recordings to hear the contrast o

agile /ˈæ.dʒəl/ (or /ˈæ.dʒļ/)

o

fertile /ˈfɜ r.tə l/ (or /ˈfɜrtļ/)

o

missile /ˈ mɪ.səl/ or (/ˈmɪsļ/)

o

versatile /ˈ vɜ r.sə.təl / (or /ˈvɜr.sə.tļ/)

2. Aspirated /t/ and /d/ = /t ʰ/ and /dʰ/ The voiceless /t/ tends to be aspirated in SIrEng /t ʰ/, e.g.: - take /t ʰeik/ The voiced equivalent /d/ also tends to be aspirated /dh/, e.g.: - does /dʰʌz 3. ASPIRATED WH Like Scots speakers, SIrEng speakers distinguish between words beginning /ʍ/ and /w/, e.g.: - which [ʍɪʧ] - witch /wɪʧ/ 4. Added syllable and Typically SIrEng speakers will add an unstressed schwa /ə / between word final or , thus adding another syllable, e.g.: - film /ˈfɪləm/ - arm /ˈɑrəm/...