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ART APPRECIATIONCHAPTER 1PAINTING Is the art of applying pigments to a surface in order to present a picture of the subject. For example, an artist working on an oil painting of harvest time chooses the pigments (coloring substances: green for rice stalks , brown for men , white for shirts blue for ...

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ART APPRECIATION

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CHAPTER 1 PAINTING •

Is the art of applying pigments to a surface in order to present a picture of the subject. For example, an artist working on an oil painting of harvest time chooses the pigments (coloring substances: green for rice stalks, brown for men, white for shirts blue for pants, gray for soil, and so on) to be used in his painting and then mixes these in oil (vehicle or mixing medium) and later applies these on his desired surface (wood, concrete, cloth or canvas, or cardboard). Prior to the selection of the pigments, the vehicle, and the surface, the painter must have chosen his method of presenting harvest time (realism, surrealism, abstractionism, etc,).

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TEMPERA •

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OIL •

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Oil painting is done with the use of ground pigments (from minerals, coal tar, vegetable matter, etc.) mixed with linseed oil and turpentine or thinner. Many painters prefer oil as a medium because oil paintings are long-lasting, slow in drying easy to handle and manipulate texturally, and capable of being corrected. Oil paints are applied in either of two ways: the direct method, in which the paints are opaque and once they are applied on the surface, they dry up and give the finished product its final appearance; and the indirect method, in which the paints are transparent and they are applied in many thin layers or coatings. FRESCO

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Fresco (Italian for fresh) painting is done with the use of earth pigments mixed with water and applied to fresh plaster or glue which attaches the color to the surface like a wall. When the plaster is wet, the painting is described as buon fresco or true fresco on the other hand when the plaster is dry, the painting is described as fresco secco or dry fresco. The biggest advantage of fresco paintings is their durability. However, it has a number of disadvantages , as follows: fresco is an exacting medium because it is quick to dry so the painter must be a fast worker and because it is difficult to correct fresco paintings are not movable because they are permanently attached to the walls and fresco paintings are subject to loss in the event that the walls are destroyed. Samples of fresco paintings are found on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome.

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Water color painting is done with the use of pigments mixed with water and applied to fine white paper. Besides white paper, cambric , parchment, ivory, and silk can be used as surface or ground. The colors are applied in very thin layers and all the light comes from the ground, which gives it brilliance.

Tempera painting is done with the use of ground pigments mixed with an albuminous or colloidal vehicle (egg yolk, gum, glue, or casein). Being an emulsion, tempera readily dries with the evaporation of water and this characteristics is one of its advantages. Another advantage is its effect on the wooden panel, its ground or surface-luminosity of tone. Its quick-drying is also a disadvantage it allows little blending or fusing of colors. The use of tempera suffered a decline in the 1300s when oil paint was invented in Northern Europe (Marcos, 2006). Nevertheless it is still used today.

PASTEL •

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Pastel is painting is done with the use of pastel colors closely resembling dry pigments bound to form crayons, which are directly applied to the surface oftentimes paper. A very recent and very flexible medium, pastel is not popular among artists because it is difficult to preserve a pastel painting due to the tendency of the chalk to rub off.

ACRYLIC •

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Acrylic painting is done with the use of synthetic paints called acrylics mixed with a vehicle capable of being thinned with water. Acrylic emulsion of polymer serves as its binding agent. One of the most widely used mediums today due to its availability in the market, acrylic paint possesses the flexibility of oil and the transparency and the fast-drying ability of watercolor. Moreover, it is soluble in water , it can be applied on almost all surfaces, and it has no tendency to crack and darken or yellow with age.

ENCAUSTIC •

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WATER COLOR •

A painter can also make use of opaque watercolor called “gouache”, produced by grinding opaque colors with water and combining them with a preparation of gum and adding Chinese white to transparent watercolors (Sanchez, Abad, and jao, 2002). Vicente Manansala used watercolor for his cubistic work, “Balut Vendors”.

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Encaustic painting is done with the use of hot wax as a vehicle to bind pigments to a wooden panel or a wall. Although it has the advantage of durability with its colors remaining vibrant and its surface maintaining a hard luster, encaustic is not a popular medium among painters because it is difficult to manipulate. The ancient Egyptian, Greeks, and Romans adorned their sculptures and walls with encaustic paintings (Marcos, 2006).

ART APPRECIATION

CHAPTER 2 SUBJECT • • • • •

There are so may subjects that can be presented in painting. The prehistoric men painted animals and other things of nature on walls of caves. The early Egyptians painted fragments of life stories of the pharaohs. The ancient Greeks and Romans were so fond of their male and female deities. Others had fun doing landscapes, seascapes, cityscapes, and the like.

PORTRAITURE • •

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Portraits are pictures of men and women singly or collectively. Before the camera was invented, there was no other means to know the face of a person, most especially a dead one, but through a portrait. The poor ones did not have a remembrance of their faces. Nowadays, charcoal is one of the mediums used in doing portraits.

STILL LIFE • •

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Still life is painting of an inanimate object or a non-living thing placed on a table or another setting. A basket of fruits, a bag of groceries, a pack of cigarettes, a bunch of flowers, and a bucket of chicken are examples of still life. The goodness of having a still life as a subject is its available and capability to be organized.

COUNTRY LIFE • •

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Painters living in the countryside have access to scenes happening daily in their community. Local events such as a barrio fiesta, a fluvial parade, a bountiful rice harvest, a big catch of fishes, and a natural calamity are exciting painting subjects. Country life most of Amorsolo’s works (“Farmer”. Barrio Fiesta”, “Tinikling Dance”, “The Bathers”, “Mother and Child”, and “Countryside Scene”).

LANDSCAPE • •

Any of the land forms can be the subject of a landscape painting. These land forms include the volcano, the mountain, the hill, the valley, the plain, the plateau, the clif, and the lIke.

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During the ancient times, man’s primary concern was survival. I the early stages of men’s development (hunting and food-gathering), his first encounters were with animals and plants. Because of this constant contact with and their interest in these living organisms, it was inevitable for them to paint this things they needed to survive.

SEASCAPE

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Any of the water forms can be the subject of a seascape painting. These water forms include the ocean, the sea, the river, the lake the brook, the pond, the falls, and the like.

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Just like any worker, a painter makes use of several tools in completing his work. These include the brush or brushes, the palette, the palette knife or spatula, and the easel. The palette knife is used to mix colors on the palette and sometimes to add colors to and to scrape or remove colors from the painting surface. And the easel is the frame supports the painting; it usually has three legs.

PERIODS PREHISTORIC PERIOD • CITYSCAPE An aerial view of a city or portion of it can be the subject of a cityscape painting.

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The history of painting spans all cultures and dates back to the time of the prehistoric men who produced their own artifacts. The oldest known paintings believed to be about 32,000 years old are found at the GrotteVhauvet in France and depict horses, rhinoceros, lions, bufalos, and mammoths (Marcos, 2006). There are also cave paintings of antelopes in Altamira, Spain.

GREEK PERIOD • • EVENTS • •

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Events are among the favorite subjects of painters. The “Spoliarium ” and the “Blood Compact” of Juan Luna and the “ Christian Virgins Exposed to the Populace” of Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo are examples of such subjects. “Moses Commanding the Red Sea to Divide” is another illustration.

RELIGIOUS ITEMS •

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Religious items such as the Holy Family, Madonna and Child, Jesus Christ, angels, saints, and religious objects are as commonly used subjects today as they were during the Medieval and Renaissance Periods. Supernatural beings, dreams and fantasies, technological items, and objects dear to the painters are common subjects.

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Ancient Greece had great painters who were them regarded as manual laborers. Their paintings found in pottery and ceramics give a glimpse of the way of life of ancient Greeks. Some famous Greek painters on wooden panels are Zeuxis, Parrhasius, and apelles, who is described as the greatest painter of Antiquity for his technique in drawing, coloring, and modeling.

ROMAN PERIOD • •

Influenced by ancient Greek painting, Roman painting exhibits important characteristics of its own. These qualities are evident in the only surviving Roman paintings, that is the wall paintings from villas in Campania , Southern Italy, which can be grouped into four main “styles” or periods.

MEDIEVAL PERIOD

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The Middle Ages saw the rise of Christianity , which brought about a diferent spirit and aim to painting styles. Generally, Byzantine art borders on abstraction as evidenced by its flatness and highly stylized depictions of figures and landscape.

In the last half of the 19th century, a group of painters developed a painting style that tried to capture the quality of light as it plays across landscapes and figures. MODERN PERIOD •

RENAISSANCE PERIOD •

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Considered the golden age of painting the Renaissance spanned from the 14th through the mid-17th century. Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo Buonarroti, Raphael, Giovanni Bellini, Titian, Paolo Uccello, Fra Angelico, Masaccio, Piero della Francesca, Andrea Mantegna, Filippo Lippi, Giorgione, Tintoretto, and Sandro Botticelli are among the great Italian artists who reflected the revolution of ideas and science during this period through their paintings.

BAROQUE PERIOD Beginning around 1600 until the last years of the 17th century, the Baroque period produced paintings with dramatic light and shade, violent composition and exaggerated emotion. CLASSIC PERIOD •

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In the 18th century emerged an art style that revived the Classical art of Greece and Rome in painting, sculpture, and architecture. In general, the term “classical” refers to “the art of ancient Greece and Rome” In particular, it refers to “the art of Greece of the 5th century B.C”.

ROCOCO PERIOD • •

The period covering the 18th century and following the baroque period is the Rococo period. The painting during this period is characterized as lighter than that of the Baroque, often frivolous, and erotic.

ROMANTIC PERIOD The fall of the Rococo style gave rise to a new movement which shifted its attention toward landscape and nature, as well as the human figure and the supremacy of natural order above mankind’s will. REALIST AND NATURALIST PERIOD •

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In the late 1800s , a group of artists actively painted in varying personal styles and were linked mainly by their rejection of impressionism. Known as the Post-Impressionists, they were divided into three groups: the expressionists, represented by Vincent van Gogh and Paul Gauguin, who were most interested in personal expression; the formalists, led by Paul Cezanne, who were most concerned with composition and structure; and the realists and naturalists, headed by Gustave Courbet.

IMPRESSIONIST PERIOD

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In the early 20th century, avante-garde artists experimented on new styles of formalist painting and such experimentation led to the birth of Cubism, Futurism, De Stijl, and Suprematism. Gerrit Reitveld and painters Theo van Doesburg and Piet Mondrian, who reduced their images to simple shapes and horizontal and vertical lines(Russell, 1984)....