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INS1014

FINAL EXAM – Vocabulary, Reading & Writing

FINAL EXAM (VOCABULARY, READING & WRITING) QUESTION BOOKLET

Full Name

ID Number Date of Examination (dd/mm/yyyy)

THIS TEST IS OF 90 MINUTE DURATION

Instructions to Candidates 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Answer ALL questions. Write your answers on the answer sheet. You will have no extra time to transfer your answers onto the answer sheet. The use of the dictionary is not allowed. At the end of the examination, hand in both the question booklet and the answer sheet.

Information for Candidates a. There are 3 sections in this test. b. Section 1 carries 10 marks. c. Section 2 carries 20 marks. d. Section 3 carries 20 marks

This question paper consists of 3 sections in 11 printed pages, including the cover page.

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FINAL EXAM – Vocabulary, Reading & Writing

SECTION I: VOCABULARY Questions 1–15 Match the given words with suitable definitions Two-career families Subcultures

Gender roles

Sanctions

Socialization

Gender- neutral socialization

Collective

Norms

behavior Culture

Values

Step-families

Demographers

Criminal Socializing agents Urbanization

Intelligence

Sexual harassment

Feminists

Minor

Mores

Suspect

Stereotypes

Telecommunication

Custody

Discrimination

1. Families where both parents work _________________________two-career families 2. Families where one of the parents is not the biological parent of at least one of the children in the household _____________________________step-families 3. Care and guardianship ________________________________Socialization 4. Family, school and peer groups are examples of _____________socialization agents 5. Two ways of teaching how to behave are ______________sanctions (rewards and punishments) and modeling 6. The capacity for mental or intellectual achievement ___________________intelligence 7. ________________Culture is everything humans are socialized to do, think, use and make. 8. ___________Values are socially shared ideas about what we consider to be good, valuable and important in life. 9. _________________Norms are social norms that provide the standards of moral behavior for a group or society. 10. A part of the larger culture but different from it in some values, norms, and behaviors _________________Subcultures 11. __________________Collective behavior is social behavior that is relatively unorganized

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FINAL EXAM – Vocabulary, Reading & Writing 12. The way that society expects males or females to behave and think ____________gender roles 13. Bringing up boys and girls the same way __________________gender-neutral socialization 14. Supporters of equal rights and opportunities for women ______________feminists 15. Fixed

ideas

about

what

members

of

a

particular

groups

of

people

are

alike____________discriminations SECTION II: READING Reading passage 1

Questions 16 – 25

Read the passage below and answer the questions from 16 - 25 A new study finds that half of human cultures don’t practice romantic lip-on-lip kissing. Animals don’t tend to bother either. So how did it evolve? When you think about it, kissing is strange and a bit icky. You share saliva with someone, sometimes for a prolonged period of time. One kiss could pass on 80 million bacteria, not all of them good. Yet everyone surely remembers their first kiss, in all its embarrassing or delightful detail, and kissing continues to play a big role in new romances. At least, it does in some societies. People in western societies may assume that romantic kissing is a universal human behaviour, but a new analysis suggests that less than half of all cultures actually do it. Kissing is also extremely rare in the animal kingdom. So what's really behind this odd behaviour? If it is useful, why don't all animals do it – and all humans too? It turns out that the very fact that most animals don't kiss helps explain why some do. According to a new study of kissing preferences, which looked at 168 cultures from around the world, only 46% of cultures kiss in the romantic sense. Previous estimates had put the figure at 90%. The new study excluded parents kissing their children, and focused solely on romantic lip-on-lip action between couples. Many hunter-gatherer groups showed no evidence of kissing or desire to do so. Some even considered it revolting. The Mehinaku tribe in Brazil reportedly said it was "gross". Given that hunter-gatherer groups are the closest modern humans get to living our ancestral lifestyle, our ancestors may not have been kissing either.

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FINAL EXAM – Vocabulary, Reading & Writing The study overturns the belief that romantic kissing is a near-universal human behaviour, says lead author William Jankowiak of the University of Nevada in Las Vegas. Instead it seems to be a product of western societies, passed on from one generation to the next, he says. There is some historical evidence to back that up. Kissing as we do it today seems to be a fairly recent invention, says Rafael Wlodarski of the University of Oxford in the UK. He has trawled through records to find evidence of how kissing has changed. The oldest evidence of a kissing-type behaviour comes from Hindu Vedic Sanskrit texts from over 3,500 years ago. Kissing was described as inhaling each other's soul. In contrast, Egyptian hieroglyphics picture people close to each other rather than pressing their lips together. So what is going on? Is kissing something we do naturally, but that some cultures have suppressed? Or is it something modern humans have invented? We can find some insight by looking at animals. Our closest relatives, chimpanzees and bonobos, do kiss. Primatologist Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, has seen many instances of chimps kissing and hugging after conflict. For chimpanzees, kissing is a form of reconciliation. It is more common among males than females. In other words, it is not a romantic behaviour. Their cousins the bonobos kiss more often, and they often use tongues while doing so. That's perhaps not surprising, because bonobos are highly sexual beings. When two humans meet, we might shake hands. Bonobos have sex: the so-called bonobo handshake. They also use sex for many other kinds of bonding. So their kisses are not particularly romantic, either. These two apes are exceptions. As far as we know, other animals do not kiss at all. They may nuzzle or touch their faces together, but even those that have lips don't share saliva or purse and smack their lips together. They don't need to. Take wild boars. Males produce a pungent smell that females find extremely attractive. The key chemical is a pheromone called androstenone that triggers the females' desire to mate. From a female's point of view this is a good thing, because males with the most androstonene are also the most fertile. Her sense of smell is so acute, she doesn't need to get close enough to kiss the male. The same is true of many other mammals. For example, female hamsters emit a pheromone that gets males very excited. Mice follow similar chemical traces to help them find partners that 4

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FINAL EXAM – Vocabulary, Reading & Writing are genetically different, minimising the risk of accidental incest. Animals often release these pheromones in their urine. "Their urine is much more pungent," says Wlodarski. "If there's urine present in the environment they can assess compatibility through that." It's not just mammals that have a great sense of smell. A male black widow spider can smell pheromones produced by a female that tell him if she has recently eaten. To minimise the risk of being eaten, he will only mate with her if she is not hungry. The point is, animals do not need to get close to each other to smell out a good potential mate. On the other hand, humans have an atrocious sense of smell, so we benefit from getting close. Smell isn't the only cue we use to assess each other's fitness, but studies have shown that it plays an important role in mate choice. A study published in 1995 showed that women, just like mice, prefer the smell of men who are genetically different from them. This makes sense, as mating with someone with different genes is likely to produce healthy offspring. Kissing is a great way to get close enough to sniff out your partner's genes. In 2013, Wlodarski examined kissing preferences in detail. He asked several hundred people what was most important when kissing someone. How they smelled featured highly, and the importance of smell increased when women were most fertile. It turns out that men also make a version of the pheromone that female boars find attractive. It is present in male sweat, and when women are exposed to it their arousal levels increase slightly. Pheromones are a big part of how mammals chose a mate, says Wlodarski, and we share some of them. "We've inherited all of our biology from mammals, we've just added extra things through evolutionary time." On that view, kissing is just a culturally acceptable way to get close enough to another person to detect their pheromones. In some cultures, this sniffing behaviour turned into physical lip contact. It's hard to pinpoint when this happened, but both serve the same purpose, says Wlodarski. So if you want to find a perfect match, you could forego kissing and start smelling people instead. You'll find just as good a partner, and you won't get half as many germs. Be prepared for some funny looks, though. Questions 16-20 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage? In boxes 16-20 on your answer sheet, write: 5

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FINAL EXAM – Vocabulary, Reading & Writing TRUE

if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE

if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN

if there is no information on this

16. Both Easter and Wester societies presume that kissing is essential for any part of the world.False 17. Our ancestors were not likely to kiss.True 18. Chimpanzees and bonbons kiss not for the romance.True 19. There are other animal, rather than apes, that kiss.False 20. Scent might be important in choosing your partner.True Questions 21 - 25 Complete the sentences below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer. 21. According to the Mehinaku tribe, kissing is _____________gross 22. Human tradition is to _______________shake hands when they meet. 23. A male black widow will mate with the female if only she is ________________not hungry. 24. Humans benefit from getting close due to the fact that we have an __________atrocious sense of smell. Question 25 Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D. The given passage can be described as: A. Strictly scientific text B. Historical article C. Article from a magazine D. Dystopian sketch

SECTION 3: WRITING Choose ONE of the following topics and write an academic essay of 250- 300 words. You should use your own ideas, knowledge and experience and support your arguments with examples and relevant evidence. 1. Some people believe that culture will be ruined if it is used to earn tourism revenue, but others consider that tourism is the only way of protecting a culture. 6

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FINAL EXAM – Vocabulary, Reading & Writing Discuss both sides and give your own opinion 2. Some people believe that sex education makes the young students aware of sexual diseases and get ready for the future. However, others claim that it should be considered as a family affair. What is your opinion of sex education? 2. The growing popularity on the gender education is a crucial activity which has captures a great deal of public attention in this day and age. With regard to this, while a mass number of people suppose that this trend would exert a positive influence on young students, I would argue that the problem should be tackled domestically rather than training widely at schools. On the one hand, it is apparent that the learning on genders is fundamentally instrumental to some extent. From an expertise perspective, the training on sexes at educational institutions will be significantly more thorough and in-depth thanks to the combination of professional lecturers qualified comprehensively and legitimate references provided by the academic departments. Young learners will, therefore, be familiarized to an accurate approach to the field and have a better grasp of the knowledge on sex education compared to learning at homes. Furthermore, teaching sexuality learning mandatorily on a national scale can extensively enhance the effectiveness. If educating about sexual health is launched at homes, a mass number of parents might be hesitant or too engaged in their work, which results in the fact that children are not equipped with basic information about sexual differences. If pupils are taught this at academy, however, there will be solid assurance that all of them are fully informed of this intriguing problem. Viewed from another perspective, I am of the belief that teaching about genders privately at homes have dominance over schools. From a characteristic perspective, youngsters are obstinately stubborn and have inclination to obey and open up to only people who they place ultimate reliance on, especially on sensitive issue like genders. Parents are, both biologically and psychologically, intimately familiar and affectionate to them, which encourages them to feel safe and secure and have a serious learning attitude towards the problem. In addition, gender learning at homes can prevent the unexpected backfires in the academic environment resulting from sex lessons such as sexual intercourse, abortion. Thanks to the close supervision and protection of adults, immature learners are unlikely to feel stimulated and curious to try out the knowledge that was taught. In conclusion, although there are great advantages to teach sexuality at schools, the benefits of the choice to handle the issue at home totally suppress the remaining idea.

1. The growing commerce on the cultural exchange is a crucial activity which has captured a great deal of public attention in this day and age. With regard to this, while a mass number of people suppose that this trend would exert a positive influence on the tradition of the country, I would argue that the national specialties might be destroyed as a consequence. 7

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FINAL EXAM – Vocabulary, Reading & Writing On the one hand, it is apparent that the developing trade on ethnic values are fundamentally instrumental to some extent. From a social perspective, globalization is a precious and unprecedented opportunity for an inferior culture to be advertised more to the outside world. In the area of flourishing international tourism, a country is given the ability to promote its traditional images to the visitors’ eyes. That is to say, cultural quintessence such as cuisine, costumes and festivals can be preserved carefully and brought into play, which makes it become internal. Furthermore, the rising transaction does wonders for the worldwide trade to develop vigorously and ENCOURAGE the international finance market to expand. The traditional goods will, therefore, have a chance to be exported to other countries, which allows the noncitizen people to broaden their own knowledge about the heritage culture of the countries. Viewed from another perspective, I am of the belief that the national identities will be overwhelmed by the wave of worldwide integration. From a language perspective, borderless commerce in the field of cultural tourism underlines the necessity of an international language, which turns the native land into a global village in which people are saying the same language => ENGLISH, SPANISH OR JAPANESE ARE PREFERRED OVER THAT AREA’S MOTHER TONGUE. In the past, there used to be an exorbitant number of dialects in many parts of the world, but as the cultural exchange and travelling developed, English and Chinese are becoming the most popular languages in the world, FOR BUSINESS PLATFORMS OR IN EDUCATION, which resulted in the loss of the local speech. In addition, the dominance of affluent countries’ cultures coming from foreign visitors speeds up the disappearance of other cultures’ specialties. Take a clear example, in Vietnam, with the infiltration of international travelers, young locals are attracted and therefore, greatly prefer Korean and American entertainment to their traditional folksongs, fairy tales and dances owing to the dramatic process 8

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FINAL EXAM – Vocabulary, Reading & Writing of integration. Consequently, occident costumes, foods and lifestyles have gradually penetrated into Vietnamese people’s daily life, taking the place of time-honored values. In conclusion, although we need to acknowledge that the transnational trade and global cultural exchange have both valuable advantages and unfortunate disadvantages, it seems to me that its drawbacks have dominance over the benefits for the traditional identities.

-THIS IS THE END OF THE TEST-

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