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the Great artists of time Art appreciation college exam # 7 Hamzah D. Rafeeq Student ID: 23234119 Penn Foster college April 8, 2021

An art movement is defined as “The collective title that is given to an artwork that shares the same artistic ideals, style, technical approach or timeframe with other artworks of its kind.” Art is often understood by people from different social, cultural, and political backgrounds, from beautifying its surroundings to elevating stress and discomforts, art is essential for mental, emotional, and physical wellbeing. But what effect or influence has art had on society, cultures, and nations? What is the importance of art and its many movements and styles? And how does it continue to benefit us to this day?

Benjamin West was born on Oct 10, 1738 - and died on March 11, 1820, in London, England. West was born in Springfield, Pennsylvania, and created the majority of his work in England.

(The Art Story, 2021) West was a self-taught painter is was known for his portraits. When West moved to Italy he amerced himself in the rapidly growing Neoclassicism movement, though later in his career he would transition to the Romanticism movement (The Art Story, 2021). Three of

West’s most famous works are The Death of General Wolfe, 1770, Pylades and Orestes Brought as Victims before Iphigenia, 1766, and Agrippina Landing at Brundisium with the Ashes of Germanicus, 1768. in the painting The Death of General Wolfe, 1770, (In the battle of Quebec) West paints Wolf lying in the center of the frame hogging the spotlight while his officers and comrades surround him, some comforting him in his last moments, some praying, grieving and some baffled as the battle comes to an end in the background. On the left side of the painting, we see white smoke rise off the ground and travel to the upper right where it transforms from pale smoke to black clouds bringing the viewer only bad news. This is west’s greatest example of Neoclassicism yet, he has Wolfe lying in the center of the painting in a christ-ESC pose surrounded by his senior officers (officers who would be in battle at that time) reminiscent of Christ’s apostles, two holding his dying hand looking him in the eye as his bloodless wound is tended to with a pale white cloth. A native American watching the scene unfold while striking a pose of contemplation. West uses styles of the past in a new way, at the time historical paintings depicted people in the classical style of the Greeks or Romans, and though warned not to, West chose to paint the soldiers in their actual uniforms, combining the classical structure with the new, forever changing historical paintings. West faced no significant challenge during his life that affected his artwork. (The Art Story, 2021) West changed historical painting with one portrait, he changed minds and perspectives with his own, according to Loyd Grossman, author

of Benjamin West and the Struggle to be Modern (2015), “West remains among the most neglected and misunderstood of Britain's great eighteenth-century artists, he(West) was in the vanguard that created Neoclassicism and Romanticism.” The Art Story. (n.d.). Benjamin West - Biography and Legacy.https://www.theartstory.org/artist/west-benjamin/life-and-legacy/ The Art Story. (n.d.). Benjamin West.https://www.theartstory.org/artist/west-benjamin/ . Henry Fuseli was born on February 17, 1741, in Zurich, Switzerland, and died on April 16, 1825. He spent most of his career in England where the majority of his artworks were completed. (The Art Story, 2021) The mediums he used were painting. Fuseli was part of the Romanticism movement and the Neoclassicism movement. (The Art Story, 2021) His three major artworks are The Nightmare, 1781, Titania and Bottom, 1790, Christ Disappearing at Emmaus, 1772. The painting depicts a seemingly lifeless woman lying across an unmade bed in a shadowy room dreaming a nightmare, an incubus (mythological creature associated with nightmares) sits atop her stomach while a black horse pokes its head around a red curtain, watching the scene unfold. The gothic architecture and nature of the painting was said to have inspired Edger Allan Poe and Mary Shelly (writer of Frankenstein). Romanticism moved away from the neoclassicism movement in that it required the artists to portray tumultuous events and struggles, to move into the subjective emotional and romantic area of one's mind, the artwork is not about how it appears but how it is perceived. Fuseli faced no significant challenge during his life that affected his artwork, but the same can’t be said about the women in his life, a passionate love of his (Anna Landolt) was said to be the subject of The Nightmare, 1781. He was known to have painted 150 portraits of his wife Sophia Rawlins. (The Art Story, 2021) Fuseli was influential because of his ability to use emotion, intuition, individual expression, and imagination in his works, to tap into the audiences emotional and romantic real of mind is what made him an inspiration to people like Mary Shelley, Allen Poe, William Blake, Theodor von Holst, Juliane Hundertmark and many, many more. (The Art Story, 2021)

The Art Story. (n.d.). Henry Fuseli - Biography and Legacy.https://www.theartstory.org/artist/fuseli-henry/life-and-legacy/ The Art Story. (n.d.). Henry Fuseli Artworks.https://www.theartstory.org/artist/fuselihenry/artworks/#pnt_1

Mary Cassatt was born on May 22, 1844, in Allegheny City, Pennsylvania, and died on June 14, 1926. She spent most of her career in Europe and created the majority of her artwork in France(The Art Story, 2021). The mediums she used were primarily oil painting and drawing, though she expanded her work to pastels and printmaking. Cassatt was part of the Impressionism movement, and Proto-Feminist Artist movement/style (The Art Story, 2021). Three of her major artworks are Little Girl in Blue Armchair, 1878, In the Loge, 1878, and Lydia Reading the Morning Paper, 1878-79. Little Girl in Blue Armchair, 1878, in this painting a child and dog sit separately in a room alone, the surrounding and clothing signal upper-class status, in a room of upholstered furniture the child indecently sprawled across the chair displaying an attitude of indifference. This painting is characteristic of Impressionism in that it displays nothing more

than a child in a domestic interior, Impressionism follows Realism in portraying daily life, though the child is of upper-class, the painting still tackles the subject that every child feels throughout their life at one point or another, pure boredom. Cassatt’s family affected her art in that they became frequent models for her artwork, with America not serving her artistic tastes, she left for France to pursue her passion where she said "women [did] not have to fight for recognition if they did serious work.”, her family soon joined her. with political and traditional tastes of French art disagreeing with hers the Salons soon rejected her artwork, she was soon approached by the artist Edgar Degas who invited her to join the group of independent artists known as the Impressionists (The Art Story, 2021). Cassatt’s work is so influential because of her contributions to the feminist movement at such an early time in history, her work focused on the maternal connection between mother and child, often painting women and their children in the interior or exterior of their home. her portraits (like Lydia Reading the Morning Paper, 1878-79) brought awareness to the growing literacy of the women of her time, and their increasing involvement and importance in society beyond the home, and to their awareness of current events as they began to fight for voting rights. Further inspiring such artists as Mabel May, Lilias Torrance Newton, and Prudence Heward. All part of the “Beaver Hall Group” a Canadian art association in the 1920s (The Art Story, 2021). The Art Story. (n.d.). Mary Cassatt - Biography and Legacy.https://www.theartstory.org/artist/cassatt-mary/life-and-legacy/ The Art Story. (n.d.). Mary Cassatt Artworks.https://www.theartstory.org/artist/cassattmary/artworks/#pnt_3

Pierre Bonnard was born on Oct 3, 1867, in Fontenay-aux-Roses, France, and died on January 23, 1947. He created the majority of his artwork in France. (The Art Story, 2021) The medium he used was painting. Bonnard was part of the Post-Impressionism movement, as well as Les Nabis and Symbolism. (The Art Story, 2021) Three of his major artworks are France Champagne 1891, Nannies Promenade, Frieze of Carriages 1897, and Woman Reclining on a Bed 1899. France Champagne 1891, depicts a woman with a glass of champagne in her right hand and a fan in her left, the champagne bubbles form and fall out of the glass in all directions covering the bottom of the frame as the text Frame Champagne fits itself into the frame curving around the girls left shoulder, this lithograph is characteristic of Post-Impressionism in it’s simplified use of colors and the absence of tonal shading, it’s flattened form and twisted perspective all serve to pull the attention of the viewers to one focal point, the glass of foaming champagne. Bonnard faced no major challenges in his life, but his wife was known to have been the subject of as many as 385 paintings. (The Art Story, 2021) Bonnard has often been identified as a late Impressionist, but Bonnard's work is, rather, characterized by a unique use of color that enriched and heightened the Impressionist palette. He combines pattern and lively color in his work leaving an image in the

(viewers' minds. (The Art Story, 2021 The Art Story. (n.d.). Pierre Bonnard - Biography and Legacy.https://www.theartstory.org/artist/bonnard-pierre/life-and-legacy/#legacy_header The Art Story. (n.d.). Pierre Bonnard Artworks.https://www.theartstory.org/artist/bonnardpierre/artworks/#pnt_2

Franz Marc was born on Feb 8, 1880, in Munich, Germany, and died on March 4, 1916. He

created the majority of his art in Europe. The mediums he used were painting, lithography, and woodcut. (The Art Story, 2021) Marc was part of the Expressionism movement and Der Blaue Reiter. Three of his major artworks are Fate of the Animals, 1913, Tiger, 1912, and The Yellow Cow, 1911.

The Yellow Cow, 1911, depicts a yellow cow in a mood of pure bliss leaping over the colorful landscape, dominating the foreground of the frame. Marc used yellow as feminine colors and blue as masculine colors, so the cow’s mixture of the two colors feminine and masculine are a representation of his recent marriage, though it (the marriage) didn’t last long Marc expressed his emotions and feeling perfectly in a single image, the cow exudes happiness and joy charging threw the terrain in a moment of colorful serenity. The Jugendstil art movement inspired Marc to break free of the strict confines of naturalism taught in the Munich Academy of Art, the French artist, Jean Niestle, who was famous for painting animals allegedly pushed Marc to depict animals in his own paintings as early as 1905, the Fauves’s vibrant and distorted colors and depiction of the relationship between man and nature influenced his art for the rest of his life, as for any many challenges that truly effected his artwork…The Battle of Verdun. (The Art Story, 2021) Marc helped redefine the nature of art, he incorporated spirituality, primitivism, and abstraction to depicted the world as seen through the eyes of animals, using expressionism to highlight the emotions he felt and his personal struggles with change over time. Co-founding Der Blaue Reiter in 1911 and Inspiring such artists as Willem de Kooning, Jackson Pollock and Expressionists such as Color Field Artists with his work, “Indeed, Franz Marc, as a founding member of German Expressionism, was instrumental in helping to define modernism in the 20th century and beyond.” (The Art Story, 2021) The Art Story. (n.d.). Franz Marc - Biography and Legacy.https://www.theartstory.org/artist/marc-franz/life-and-legacy/ The Art Story. (n.d.). Franz Marc Artworks.https://www.theartstory.org/artist/marcfranz/artworks/#pnt_1

Sonia Delaunay was born November 14, 1885, in Odessa, Ukraine, and died on December 5, 1979. The majority of her work was created in France. (The Art Story, 2021) The mediums she

used were paintings and textile design. Delaunay was part of the Cubism, Salon Cubism, and Orphism movement. (The Art Story, 2021) Three of her major artworks are Electric Prisms, 1914, Simultaneous dress, 1913, and Rhythm 1938. Electric Prisms, 1914, depicts a series of circular and curved arches overlapping one another slowly becoming more rectangular as they approach the edge of the frame. It is said that Sonia Delaunay and her husband saw the newly installed electric lamplights of boulevard Saint-Michel when they decided to attempt to replicate the effect of lights, and their impressive glow. Perfectly encapsulating the moment in that Cubism takes a formal approach to painting, reducing forms to angles, circles, and squares, forming a geometric vocabulary that is entirely its own, perfectly analyzing the forms and shapes

of the glowing light from several different perspectives. A major challenge she faced was the death of her husband and World War II, after her husband's death she returned to France intent on assuring that Robert's artistic legacy received proper recognition, after which she returned to painting. (The Art Story, 2021) With Delaunay’s contribution to the fields/movements of Cubism and Orphism, she was able to spread an influential wave of inspiration through time to inspire such artists as Paul Klee, Bridget Riley, Yaacov Agam, and Alexander Calder, and with her work in textile design, she was able to spread her influence into fashion, home decor and the theater. “Her ability to introduce art into regular life by creating and wearing clothing, and living in spaces that were of her own design, can be seen as an early form of performance art, inspiring contemporary artists such as Marina Abramovic." (The Art Story, 2021) The Art Story. (n.d.). Sonia Delaunay - Biography and Legacy.https://www.theartstory.org/artist/delaunay-sonia/life-and-legacy/ The Art Story. (n.d.). Sonia Delaunay Artworks.https://www.theartstory.org/artist/delaunaysonia/artworks/

Max Ernst was born on April 2, 1891, in Bruhl, Germany, and died on April 1, 1976. The majority of his work was created in Europe(France and Germany). (The Art Story, 2021) His mediums were painting, collage, printmaking, sculpture, and various unconventional drawing methods. Ernst was part of the Dada and Surrealism movements. (The Art Story, 2021) Three of his major artworks are Two Children Are Threatened by a Nightingale, 1924, Celebes, 1921, The Fireside Angel, 1937. A painting that Ernst said to have been inspired by a dream when he was a child and ill, Two Children Are Threatened by a Nightingale, 1924 depicts a dream-like scenario where three figures interact within a two to three-dimensional environment, the male figure is carrying a child in his hands as he descends on to a three-dimensional shed reach out to touch a three-dimensional buzzer or knob, the two figures on the ground appear tore female, one running to the left of the frame toward a three-dimensional gate with a knife in hand, the other laying unconscious or dead, as the nightingale soars in the across the sky in the background. Ernst uses Surrealism in this painting to leave the interpretation up to the viewer, using the threedimensional toy-like objects to project itself out of the 2d plane into your mind. A major challenge the affected his artwork would World War I and World War II, “Ernst was one of the

multiple artists who emerged from military service emotionally wounded and alienated from European traditions and conventional values.” (The Art Story, 2021) Ernst solidified his reputation amongst historians and academics in America, Germany, and France before his death, influenced by Van Gogh and August Macke, Ernst used art to express his interest in Freud and the irrational and the unconscious, dream imagery and the fantastical, Ernst used the experiences of his childhood and war to depict both absurd and apocalyptic scenes and imagery. (The Art Story, 2021) The Art Story. (n.d.). Max Ernst - Biography and Legacy.https://www.theartstory.org/artist/ernstmax/life-and-legacy/ The Art Story. (n.d.). Max Ernst Artworks.https://www.theartstory.org/artist/ernst-max/artworks/

Joan Mitchell was born on February 12, 1925, in Chicago, Illinois, and died on October 30, 1992. The majority of her artwork was created in France. (The Art Story, 2021) Her mediums were painting and printmaking. She was a part of the Abstract Expressionism movement and

action painting. (The Art Story, 2021) Three of her major artworks are City Landscape, 1955, Hemlock, 1956, Bracket, 1989. In the center of City Landscape, 1955, we see a tangle of pigmentations, reds, orange, yellow, and pinks connect and overlap one another, buried beneath it is a layer of blue-toned brush strokes and slashes, Surrounding this body of color is a wall of grey and beige wrapping around the colorful city. In this artwork, Mitchell abandons the one thing that had ruled over painting for centuries: representation. Capturing this image from multiple perspectives and holding onto the theme of ambiguity. She faced no particular challenges that affected her artwork. (The Art Story, 2021) The Joan Mitchell Foundation, established in 1993, celebrates her influence and legacy through grants and support to this day, Joan Mitchell will be forever known for her “compositional rhythms, bold coloration, and sweeping gestural brushstrokes of her large and often multipaneled paintings. Inspired by landscape, nature, and poetry, her intent was not to create a recognizable image, but to convey emotions.” (The Art Story, 2021) The Art Story. (n.d.). Joan Mitchell Artworks.https://www.theartstory.org/artist/mitchelljoan/artworks/ The Art Story. (n.d.). Joan Mitchell - Biography and Legacy.https://www.theartstory.org/artist/mitchell-joan/life-and-legacy/

Robert Ryman was born on May 30, 1930, in Nashville, Tennessee, and died on February 8,

2019. The majority of his work was created in America. (The Art Story, 2021) The medium he used was painting. He was part of the Minimalism movement and Conceptual Art. (The Art Story, 2021) Three of his major artworks are Untitled (Orange Painting) 1955, Untitled (Background Music) 1962, Counsel, 1982. In Counsel, 1982, I see a brown canvas covered in white brush strokes(looks like white fur) he missed a few spots. I think Ryman did a really good job of ridding art of representation and personal expression once and for all and allowing viewers to see the whole idea without any confusion in this artwork, I can’t think of what this painting could possibly represent(with is the point) they weren’t kidding when they said he was in the Minimalism movement.

He faced no significant challenge in his life. (The Art Story, 2021) Ryman: “one of the pioneers of Minimalist painting, whose works attempt to empty the painting of content and color to focus almost entirely on form and process—and in many ways his paintings become more like objects than flat images.” (The Art Story, 2021) The Art Story. (n.d.). Robert Ryman - Biography and Legacy.https://www.theartstory.org/artist/ryman-robert/life-and-legacy/ The Art Story. (n.d.). Robert Ryman.https://www.theartstory.org/artist/ryman-robert/ The Art Story. (n.d.). Robert Ryman Artworks.https://www.theartstory.org/artist/rymanrobert/artworks/

David Salle was born on February 28, 1929, in Toronto, Canada. The majority of his artwork was created in America. (The Art Story, 2021) The materials he uses are corrugated metal, chain link, and titanium. He is part of the Modernism and Postmodernism movement. (The Art Story, 2021) Three of his major artworks are Gehry Residence, 1978, Vitra Design Museum, 1989, Dancing House, 1996. Dancing House, 1996, depicts Two sections of one building, both supported by pillars helping the building to achieve the swayed look that it has, the building is commonly...