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Divergent

Which boundary (divergent, convergent, or transform) is associated with mid- oceanic ridges? ---------------------------------------------------------------------convergent

Which is associated with a deep oceanic trench? ---------------------------------------------------------------------Divergent boundary along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge arm of the Mid-Ocean Ridge, separating North America to the west and Eurasia to the east. Also a large hot spot, which is what brought Iceland to the surface, rather than remaining undersea.

Iceland is situated on which type of boundary? ---------------------------------------------------------------------Transform boundary (sometimes called a conservative boundary) between Pacific and North American plates

The San Andreas fault is a good example of which type of boundary? ---------------------------------------------------------------------Strike slip fault (right lateral) / Shear stress

What type of fault is the San Andreas, and what type of stress is present? ---------------------------------------------------------------------Tension stress

What type of stress is associated with divergent boundaries? ---------------------------------------------------------------------Compression stress

What type of stress is associated with convergent boundaries?

---------------------------------------------------------------------Shear stress

What type of stress is associated with transform boundaries? ---------------------------------------------------------------------normal dip-slip

What types of faults are more common at divergent boundaries? ---------------------------------------------------------------------reverse dip-slip

What types of faults are more common at convergent boundaries? ---------------------------------------------------------------------strike slip

What types of faults are more common at transform boundaries? ---------------------------------------------------------------------The Pacific Rise

What is the specific name of the divergent boundary in the Pacific Ocean? ---------------------------------------------------------------------Convergent

Subduction is associated with what type of boundary? ---------------------------------------------------------------------No. collision of plates will result in high elevation mountains. continental crust is too buoyant, it can't subduct

Is it possible to subduct continental crust? Why or why not?

---------------------------------------------------------------------Juan de Fuca Plate

What is the name of the small plate that is subducting off of the coast of Oregon, Washington and northern California to produce the Cascade volcanic arc? ---------------------------------------------------------------------Divergent

At which type of plate boundary is oceanic crust created? ---------------------------------------------------------------------Seafloor Spreading: theory that the seafloor is constantly spreading based on the theory of convection of Henry Hess: Heat rises to the surface and magma is converted into basalt, cold material falls - creates energy which makes the plates move

Describe the process that generates oceanic crust. ---------------------------------------------------------------------Convergent

What type of plate boundary is associated with major mountain ranges like the Himalayan Mountains created by continental- continental collision? ---------------------------------------------------------------------Convergent - (subduction zone)

Stratovolcanoes are commonly associated with what type of boundary? ---------------------------------------------------------------------atmospheric heating, Coriolis effect, global wind patterns

what are the three fundamental concepts of controlling weather? ----------------------------------------------------------------------

solar radiation concentrated over a small area tend to be more focus and raise temperature the opposite occurs with oblique rays.

Atmospheric heating: ---------------------------------------------------------------------object moving over the earth will bend to the - Right if in the northern hemisphere - Left if in the southern hemisphere

Coriolis Effect: ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Air rising expands and cool = cloudy skies/rainy conditions

- Air descending compresses and warms = clear skies/ dry conditions

Global wind patterns: ---------------------------------------------------------------------cloudy skies/rainy conditions

When air rising expands and cools, what conditions come about? ---------------------------------------------------------------------Clear skies/dry conditions

When air is descending compresses and warms, what conditions come about? ---------------------------------------------------------------------Represented by: c: continental m: marine P: polar

T: tropical

Movement of air masses & weather fronts: ---------------------------------------------------------------------cold/dry

cP stands for ---------------------------------------------------------------------cold/wet

mP stands for ---------------------------------------------------------------------hot/dry

cT stands for ---------------------------------------------------------------------steep front causes warm air to rise and generates tall clouds (thunderheads); a lot of rains/short period of time/small area

Cold front refers to ---------------------------------------------------------------------low angle front, air rises gradually/thick clouds, overcast skies/large area/long period of time

Warm front refers to ---------------------------------------------------------------------cold front overtakes warm front = combinations of both weathers

Occluded front refers to ----------------------------------------------------------------------

solar radiation

What is the energy source that powers all forms of severe weather? ---------------------------------------------------------------------Doldrums: near the equator. area of calm winds where warm air rises abruptly creating low pressure

What is meant by the term Doldrums? ---------------------------------------------------------------------Belt of calm air occuring in south and north hemispheres

What is meant by the term Horse latitudes? ---------------------------------------------------------------------Horse latitude

Which is a global belt of high pressure? ---------------------------------------------------------------------Equator

Which is a global belt of low pressure? ---------------------------------------------------------------------Rise

Does air rise or fall at the equator? ---------------------------------------------------------------------Fall

Does air rise or fall at the horse latitudes? ---------------------------------------------------------------------Doldrums/Low pressure: air rises and expands / overcast skies -> Equator

What happens when air rises and creates overcast skies and rainy conditions? ---------------------------------------------------------------------Horse Latitude/High pressure: Air falls and compress/ clear skies -> Horse Latitude

What happens when air falls and creates clear skies and dry conditions? ---------------------------------------------------------------------Equator(low)/Horse(high)

Hadley Cell ---------------------------------------------------------------------Between horse(high) and a (low) pressure point

Ferrell Cell ---------------------------------------------------------------------Between low pressure zones to poles (high pressure)

Polar Cell ----------------------------------------------------------------------Dry/cold air mass rapidly moving between 30-40k ft

-North east direction towards NY)

What is the jet stream and what direction does it travel across the U.S.? ---------------------------------------------------------------------Right

Prevailing winds are other influenced by the Coriolis Effect which cause them to bend in what direction (right or left) in the northern hemisphere?

---------------------------------------------------------------------Left

Prevailing winds are other influenced by the Coriolis Effect which cause them to bend in what direction (right or left) in the southern hemisphere? ---------------------------------------------------------------------mT

What is the most unstable air mass (mT, cP, mP, or cT air)? ---------------------------------------------------------------------mT

Which air mass provides the fuel for hurricanes (mT, cP, mP, or cT air)? ---------------------------------------------------------------------It is hot and wet

What characteristics does mT air have? ---------------------------------------------------------------------a steep front causes warm air to rise abrupt, this generating tall cumulus clouds (thunder heads) capable of producing abundant rainfall over a localized area over a short period of time.

What is a Cold front? ---------------------------------------------------------------------gentle sloping front (low angle front) causes air to rise gradually over a large region thus producing moderate thick to thin clouds, a typical weather pattern is broadly overcast skies and drizzy conditions over a long period of time (several hours to days) broad clouds

What is a Warm Front? ---------------------------------------------------------------------a cold front overtakes a warm front, producing combination of weather from both types of fronts.

What is an Occluded Front? ---------------------------------------------------------------------Generated by cold fronts, towering cumulus

What factors control the generation of a thunderstorm? ---------------------------------------------------------------------Step ladder (negative charges [electrons] descend and attracts positive charges on the ground]

What is lightning? ---------------------------------------------------------------------Sound wave of the lightning (5 seconds = 1 miles

What is thunder? ---------------------------------------------------------------------• mT air • 5 - 20 celsius • Occurs generally in late summer and early fall

What factors control the generation of a hurricane? ---------------------------------------------------------------------Generated from thunderstorms, requires a cold air aloft (30 - 40k ft) caused by jet stream

What factors control the generation of a hail storm? ---------------------------------------------------------------------Generated from thunderstorm [single cell] (1%) = supercell storm

cP+mT+Jetstream

What factors control the generation of a tornado? ---------------------------------------------------------------------Typhoon = western pacific

Cyclone = Indian ocean

What is the difference between a hurricane and a cyclone or a typhoon? ---------------------------------------------------------------------Hurricanes differs for their wind speed (higher).

How does a hurricane differ from a tropical storm or a tropical depression? ---------------------------------------------------------------------Northern = counterclockwise

Which way do hurricanes rotate in the northern hemisphere? ---------------------------------------------------------------------Southern = clockwise

Which way do hurricanes rotate in the southern hemisphere? ---------------------------------------------------------------------The aperture above/ roof, calmest area of the storm

How does the eye differ from the rest of the storm? ---------------------------------------------------------------------Highest clouds, fastest wind speed, greatest rainfall

How does the eye wall differ from the rest of the storm? ----------------------------------------------------------------------

Mound of water that accumulates beneath the storm

What is the storm surge? ---------------------------------------------------------------------Low Pressure System

Is a hurricane a high-pressure system, or a low-pressure system? ---------------------------------------------------------------------Katrina: Aug 29, 2005. Catg 5. Surge= 9m (30ft). 1836 dead. $80+ billion cost.

What was the most destructive hurricane in the United States? ---------------------------------------------------------------------Along the Gulf coast & Florida

Where in the U.S. are you more likely to experience thunderstorms? ---------------------------------------------------------------------Great plains & Midwest

Where in the U.S. are you more likely to experience hail storms? ---------------------------------------------------------------------Similar to hailstorms, Great Plains and Midwest

Where in the U.S. are you more likely to experience tornados? ----------------------------------------------------------------------

Yes

Is it true that tall cumulus clouds and thunderstorms can be produced in a variety of environments such as cold fronts, mountain ranges, and simply where hot air rises on its own? ---------------------------------------------------------------------Positive

As a general rule, the top of thunderclouds will be characterized by what type of overall charge (negative or positive)? ---------------------------------------------------------------------Negative

As a general rule, the bottom of thunderclouds will be characterized by what type of overall charge (negative or positive)? ---------------------------------------------------------------------Dimly visible stream of negative charges [electron] descends (step ladder) and attracts positive charges from the ground

What is a step ladder? ---------------------------------------------------------------------Higher gradient = greater velocity

Lower gradient = lower velocity

In what way does the gradient and overall character of a stream change downslope? ---------------------------------------------------------------------Erosion occurs on the outside of a bend to produce a cut bank (high velocity)

What is a cut bank and where do they form in relation to a bend in a stream? ----------------------------------------------------------------------

Deposition occurs on the inside of a bend to produce a point bar (low velocity)

What is a point bar and where do they form in relation to a bend in a stream? ---------------------------------------------------------------------Streams are part of larger systems known as drainage basins (or watersheds) separated from each other by divides. Divides can be local or regional (i.e., continental divides).

What is a drainage basin? ---------------------------------------------------------------------Mississippi Drainage Basin which has two divides

What is an example of a drainage basin? ---------------------------------------------------------------------Divides separate drainage basins (Divides can be local or regional (i.e., continental divides).

What is a divide? ---------------------------------------------------------------------• V-shape valleys • Low discharge • Low velocity • High gradient • Far from base level • Flash floods

What are the different characteristics of the upland region? ---------------------------------------------------------------------• Close to base level • Low gradient • High discharge

• High velocity • Wide valleys • Regional floods

What are the different characteristics of the lowland region? ---------------------------------------------------------------------The level below which a stream can no longer erode. Ultimate base level is sea level

What is meant by the base level of a stream? ---------------------------------------------------------------------• Local and rapid [flashfloods] • High death • Minor damage

What are the fundamental characteristics of an upland flood? ---------------------------------------------------------------------• Regional and prolonged • Low deaths • High damage • May test human endurance more than any other natural disaster

What are the fundamental characteristics of an lowland flood? ---------------------------------------------------------------------Human population growth causes burning and use of fossil fuels creating more greenhouse gases in the environment.

What is the relationship between global warming and population growth? ---------------------------------------------------------------------The burning of fossil fuels creates more greenhouse gases perpetuating and making our situation worse.

What is the relationship between burning fossil fuels and the amount of greenhouse gases in the environment? ---------------------------------------------------------------------Global warming can cause the polar ice caps to begin to melting, in turn causing sea levels to rise which can cause flooding and habitat loss

What is the relationship between global warming and melting of polar ice caps? ----------------------------------------------------------------------...