G4 Tensile Strenght LAB 2 PDF

Preview

Summary

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARAFAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN MEKANIKAL___________________________________________________________________________Program : Bachelor of Engineering (Hons) Mechanical (EM220/EM221) Course : Applied Mechanics Lab Code : MEC 424 Lecturer : DR ANIZAH KALAM Group : G4/6B MEC 424 - LABORAT...

Description

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN MEKANIKAL ___________________________________________________________________________ Program : Bachelor of Engineering (Hons) Mechanical (EM220/EM221) Course : Applied Mechanics Lab Code : MEC 424 Lecturer : DR ANIZAH KALAM Group : G4/6B2 ___________________________________________________________________________

MEC 424 - LABORATORY REPORT TITLE

:

Experiment 2: Tensile Test

No

NAME

STUDENT ID

1

MUHAMMAD HELMI AMINULLAH BIN JELISUN

2019415632

2

NUR SABRINA BINTI ZULKIFLI

2019253066

3

NUR SYAFIQAH BINTI JAAFAR

2019405402

4

NUR’IZZAH SYAKIRAH BINTI SHAH FENNER KHAN

2019416466

LABORATORY SESSION

SIGNATURE

: (DATE)

REPORT SUBMISSION

:

30/04/2021 (DATE)

*By signing above you attest that you have contributed to this submission and confirm that all work you have contributed to this submission is your own work. Any suspicion of copying or plagiarism in this work will result in an investigation of academic misconduct and may result in a “0” on the work, an “F” in the course, or possibly more severe penalties.

Marking Scheme No

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Total

1

Abstract Tensile test which can also be known as tension test is a test that subjects a controlled tensile (pulling force) to a material to determine how strong a material is and the elongation of the material before it reaches failure. In this experiment, a circular-shaped mild steel was used the experiment material. The objective of this experiment is to determine the tensile properties subjected to tensile loading. Tensile properties are important for picking a suitable material for the specific design of many engineering structures. Next, this experiment is also for identifying types of fracture surface under tensile loading.

Before placing the specimen to the tensile machine, the diameter and lengths of the specimen is measured using a Vernier caliper. The specimen is placed into the gripping head and the gap was adjusted. An extension gauge was set to the moveable gripper. Then, both the extension gauge and the load gauge were set to zero. To start the experiment, the wheel was rotated to move the moveable gripper by 20mm so the reading on the load gauge can be recorded. This was repeated for another 20mm until the specimen undergo fracture. Thus, the result and data of the experiment is taken and calculated. The calculation of stress and strain values are calculated for every 0.2mm of extension.

2

Table of Content

ABSTRACT...............................................................................................................................................2 TABLE OF CONTENTS...........................................................................................................................3 LIST OF TABLE........................................................................................................................................4 LIST OF FIGURE......................................................................................................................................5 1.0

Introduction..................................................................................................................................6

2.0

Theory..........................................................................................................................................8

3.0

Experimental procedures...........................................................................................................10

4.0

Result and data...........................................................................................................................12

5.0

Discussion..................................................................................................................................24

6.0

Conclusion.................................................................................................................................27

7.0

References..................................................................................................................................29

3

List of Tables Table 1: Aspect and dimension about specimen used in test......................................................10 Table 2: Experimental result.......................................................................................................14 Table 3: Sample calculation of Stress and Strain........................................................................19 Table 4: Sample calculation........................................................................................................20 Table 5: Sample Calculation.......................................................................................................21 Table 6: Types of fracture surface under tensile loading............................................................23

4

List of Figures Figure 1 : stress strain curve.........................................................................................................6 Figure 2: Tesile test machine........................................................................................................8 Figure 3 Graph Load(N) against Extension(mm).......................................................................14 Figure 4 Graph Stress(Pa) against Strain....................................................................................14 Figure 5 Graph Load vs Extension.............................................................................................15 Figure 6: Graph Stress vs Strain.................................................................................................15 Figure 7Graph Load vs Extension..............................................................................................16 Figure 8: Graph Stress vs Strain.................................................................................................16 Figure 9:Graph Load vs Extension.............................................................................................17 Figure 10:Graph Stress vs Strain................................................................................................17

5

1.0 Introduction The tensile test has widely been applied in manufacturers all over the industry. The importance of the tensile test is to test the strength of a material and how much it can elongate. This action needs to pass compliance standards before delivering to their clients. This ensures the safety, high-quality material and avoiding the major liabilities associated with providing noncompliant products. This also can ensure customer satisfaction and reduce the chance of loss in the company. By measuring the material while it is being pulled, we can obtain its tensile properties. After all calculation and plotting graph, we can get stress and strain curve. Other than that, some mechanical properties we are able to get are modulus of elasticity, yield strength and strain. In this experiment, we want to identify the tensile properties which are tensile strength, breaking strength, maximum elongation, and reduction in area that subjected to tensile loading. We also need to identify Types of fracture surface under tensile loading for example is a transverse fracture. When we are running the experiment, we will be having experimental data which will be compared with the theoretical data. Hence, in this experiment, we will be discussing and validating the result of these two methods. To identify the strain, we will calculate it by dividing the recorded data of extension with the initial length. Then the load will be divided with the cross-sectional area of the material to determine stress or be called stigma. Then the graph of strain and stress will be plotted. From the slope of the graph, it shows the young modulus. From the curve of the graph, some mechanical properties are shown. For example, yield stress and tensile stress because those properties can be calculated from the strain and stress.

Figure 1 : stress strain curve 6

2.0Theory Tensile strength for each material is different due to the material and dimension. Ability to win stand a pulling or tensile force before broken of an object is called tensile strength. The material will be clamp into tensile test machine and both ends will pull apart slowly. As more force added there will be increasing elongation until its reach maximum. No more elongation after the material reach maximum elongation even after more force added. The force added after maximum elongation will bring the material tear apart. Tensile strength is defined as stress which force per unit area. Tensile Strength : : stress (tensile strength) F: force applied A: unit area Strain : : strain : specimen elongation : original length Yield Stress : : yield stress : yield force A: unit area Ultimate Stress: : stress F: highest force applied A: unit area Young Modulus : E: Young Modulus : strain

7

3.0 Procedure Apparatus

Figure 2: Tesile test machine

a) Vernier Caliper b) Cylindrical Mild Steel Specimen Tensile Test Machine c) Extension Gauge d) Load Gauge9

Procedure

1. Vernier calliper was used to measure the dimension of specimen at several place. 2. The dimensions measured are the length and the diameter of beam. 3. The Tensile Machine software is setup-ed to define the speed of pulling of the tensile machine. 4. The specimen is mounted securely to the lower vice and the top vice of the tensile test machine. 5. The load anchor is turned clockwise direction until the gauge showed the reading and it was recorded. 6. The elongation of the specimen was recorded by positioning Extensometer on the 8

vertical flat of inner jaw and set at zero. 7. The load anchor is turned clockwise direction until a change of 0.1 mm is recorded by the Extensometer. 8. The load gauge reading is recorded. 9. Step 7 is repeated for rate of change in elongation at 0.2 mm and 0.3 mm. 10. When the reading of load gauge recorded a decrease in value, the rate is changed gradually to 0.1 mm until the specimen breaks. 11. The final length is measured.

9

4.0 Result and Data Test Sample

Aspect

Description

Test Type

Tension

Geometry

Circular

Specimen

1

Specimen label

MILD STEEL

Length

193mm

Diameter

6.5mm

Area(m)

0.0000319

Table 1: Aspect and dimension about specimen used in test

Tabulation Of Data Extension(mm) Load (N) 0 0.03497685 0.06995371 0.1051697 0.1399672 0.1750038 0.2101003 0.2449575 0.2799344 0.3151504 0.3499479 0.3849845 0.4201408 0.4549383 0.4899151 0.5251311 0.559809 0.5951446 0.6300019 0.6649189 0.7000752 0.735052 0.7699092 0.8050655

Stress (MPa) 2.428644 43.79144 48.89359 49.91779 48.67112 49.30481 49.42594 50.88846 54.7432 62.94259 110.3375 282.8532 659.235 1177.249 1687.969 2133.302 2524.197 2889.435 3219.476 3518.681 3800.108 4068.359 4328.976 4590.371

0.07319 1.31969 1.47345 1.50431 1.46675 1.48584 1.48949 1.53357 1.64973 1.89683 3.32511 8.52402 19.8666 35.4774 50.8684 64.2889 76.0688 87.0756 97.0216 106.038 114.519 122.603 130.457 138.335

Strain 0 0.00018123 0.00036245 0.00054492 0.00072522 0.00090676 0.0010886 0.00126921 0.00145044 0.0016329 0.0018132 0.00199474 0.0021769 0.00235719 0.00253842 0.00272089 0.00290056 0.00308365 0.00326426 0.00344518 0.00362733 0.00380856 0.00398917 0.00417132 10

0.8399825 0.8748996 0.9100558 0.9449729 0.9799498 1.015046 1.050023 1.08488 1.120156 1.155013 1.18993 1.225087 1.259944 1.294921 1.330077 1.364934 1.399971 1.435008 1.469984 1.504901 1.540118 1.574915 1.609952 1.645108 1.679965 1.714882 1.750098 1.784896 1.819992 1.855089 1.889946 1.925042 1.960019 1.994936 2.029973 2.065069 2.099867 2.135023 2.17006 2.204857 2.240073 2.27511 2.309907 2.345064 2.38004 2.414898 2.450054 2.485031 2.519948 2.555044

4840.7 5090.894 5355.458 5621.289 5891.222 6170.47 6456.427 6740.838 7040.39 7341.693 7644.905 7963.158 8283.041 8606.084 8937.941 9268.539 9602.85 9946.99 10291.92 10638.52 10997.15 11352.21 11711.88 12082.15 12450.55 12821.87 13208.54 13589.74 13972.63 14364.9 14747.86 15139.59 15534.02 15923.46 16312.88 16711.22 17093.2 17480.47 17858.04 18206.85 18527.56 18798.14 18979.65 19099.58 19167.41 19201.69 19232.63 19260 19278.02 19305.52

145.879 153.418 161.391 169.402 177.537 185.952 194.57 203.141 212.168 221.248 230.386 239.977 249.616 259.352 269.352 279.315 289.39 299.761 310.156 320.601 331.408 342.108 352.947 364.106 375.208 386.398 398.051 409.538 421.077 432.898 444.439 456.244 468.131 479.867 491.602 503.607 515.118 526.789 538.167 548.679 558.344 566.498 571.968 575.582 577.626 578.659 579.592 580.416 580.959 581.788

0.00435224 0.00453316 0.00471532 0.00489623 0.00507746 0.00525931 0.00544053 0.00562114 0.00580392 0.00598452 0.00616544 0.0063476 0.00652821 0.00670944 0.00689159 0.0070722 0.00725374 0.00743527 0.0076165 0.00779741 0.00797989 0.00816018 0.00834172 0.00852388 0.00870448 0.0088854 0.00906787 0.00924817 0.00943001 0.00961186 0.00979247 0.00997431 0.01015554 0.01033646 0.01051799 0.01069984 0.01088014 0.0110623 0.01124383 0.01142413 0.0116066 0.01178813 0.01196843 0.01215059 0.01233181 0.01251242 0.01269458 0.01287581 0.01305673 0.01323857 11

2.590021 2.624938 2.660094 2.695011 2.729869 2.765144 2.799942 2.834919 2.870075 2.904992 2.939969 2.975125 3.009923 3.045019 3.080115 3.114972 3.149949 3.185106 3.219963 3.25494 3.290156 3.324894 3.35999 3.395086 3.430004 3.46498 3.500256 3.534874 3.570031 3.605127 3.639984 3.675021 3.710057 3.744915 3.780011 3.815108 3.849905 3.885061 3.920098 3.954895 3.990051 4.025029 4.059946 4.095102 4.129959 4.164936 4.200152 4.234949 4.269986 4.305083

19326.23 19342.09 19365.01 19384.25 19395.2 19416.3 19429.16 19437.66 19454.98 19463.89 19470.56 19484.08 19484.59 19493.52 19504.36 19506.37 19510.37 19518.72 19518.52 19521.08 19527.38 19521.81 19518.34 19516.61 19504.9 19488.7 19479.62 19445.55 19419.37 19385.07 19339.68 19289.58 19242.78 19176.47 19116.47 19058.04 18982.73 18916.17 18848.51 18766.9 18697.31 18625.03 18539.09 18466.32 18388.37 18300.88 18225.63 18140.9 18055.2 17976.7

582.412 582.89 583.581 584.161 584.491 585.127 585.514 585.77 586.292 586.561 586.762 587.169 587.185 587.454 587.78 587.841 587.962 588.213 588.207 588.284 588.474 588.306 588.202 588.15 587.797 587.308 587.035 586.008 585.219 584.186 582.818 581.308 579.897 577.899 576.091 574.33 572.061 570.055 568.016 565.556 563.459 561.281 558.691 556.498 554.149 551.513 549.245 546.691 544.109 541.743

0.0134198 0.01360072 0.01378287 0.01396379 0.0141444 0.01432717 0.01450747 0.0146887 0.01487085 0.01505177 0.015233 0.01541516 0.01559546 0.0157773 0.01595915 0.01613975 0.01632098 0.01650314 0.01668375 0.01686497 0.01704744 0.01722743 0.01740927 0.01759112 0.01777204 0.01795326 0.01813604 0.01831541 0.01849757 0.01867941 0.01886002 0.01904156 0.01922309 0.0194037 0.01958555 0.0197674 0.01994769 0.02012985 0.02031139 0.02049168 0.02067384 0.02085507 0.02103599 0.02121815 0.02139875 0.02157998 0.02176245 0.02194274 0.02212428 0.02230613 12

4.33994 4.374976 4.410073 4.44499 4.479967 4.515123 4.549921 4.584957 4.620113 4.654971 4.689947 4.725104 4.759961 4.794938 4.830154 4.864951 4.899988 4.935084 4.970001 5.004978 5.040134 5.074932 5.109968 5.145125 5.179862 5.215019 5.250115 5.284913 5.320009 5.355105 5.389962 5.425119 5.45609

17888.83 17802.9 17721.46 17633.7 17541.28 17460.2 17367.72 17276.08 17189.65 17095.49 16998.41 16908.7 16809.84 16711.84 16616.89 16513.04 16408.19 16311.3 16201.94 16096.25 15993.52 15878.42 15768.25 15659.41 15539.06 15422.51 15307.43 15177.78 15055.25 14928.1 14787.35 14648.4 4230.027

539.095 536.505 534.051 531.406 528.621 526.178 523.391 520.629 518.025 515.187 512.261 509.558 506.579 503.625 500.764 497.634 494.475 491.555 488.259 485.074 481.978 478.51 475.19 471.91 468.283 464.77 461.302 457.395 453.703 449.871 445.629 441.442 127.475

0.02248674 0.02266827 0.02285012 0.02303104 0.02321226 0.02339442 0.02357472 0.02375625 0.02393841 0.02411902 0.02430024 0.0244824 0.02466301 0.02484424 0.0250267 0.025207 0.02538854 0.02557038 0.0257513 0.02593253 0.02611468 0.02629498 0.02647652 0.02665868 0.02683866 0.02702082 0.02720267 0.02738297 0.02756481 0.02774666 0.02792726 0.02810942 0.0282699

Table 2: Experimental result

Graph (Muhammad Helmi Aminullah Bin Jelisun/2019415632)

13

Load(N) vs Extension(mm) 25000

Extension(mm)

20000

18979.65

15000 10000 5000 0

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Load(N)

Figure 3 Graph Load(N) against Extension(mm)

Stress(Pa) vs Strain 120 100

strain

80 60 40 20 0

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

140000

160000

180000

Stress(Pa)

Figure 4 Graph Stress(Pa) against Strain

(Nur Sabrina Bt Zulkifli/ 2019253066)

load (N) vs extension (mm) 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000

14

extension (mm)

Figure 5 Graph Load vs Extension

stress (MPA) vs strain 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0

0

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025

0.03

strain Figure 6: Graph Stress vs Strain

15

(Nur Syafiqah Binti Jaafar/2019405402)

Extension (mm) vs Load (N) 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

10000

Figure 7Graph Load vs Extension

Stress (MPa) Vs Strain 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0

0

0

0

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.02

0.02

Figure 8: Graph Stress vs Strain

16

(Nur’Izzah Syakirah Bt Shah Fenner Khan/2019426466)

Load (N) versus Extension (m) 25000

20000

Load (N)

15000

10000

5000

0

0

0

0

0

0

0.01

0.01

Extension (m)

Figure 9:Graph Load vs Extension

Stress (MPa) versus Strain 700 600

Stress (MPa)

500 400 300 200 100 0 0

0.01

0.01

0.02

0.02

0.03

0.03

Strain

Figure 10:Graph Stress vs Strain

17

The Calculation (Muhammad Helmi Aminullah Bin Jelisun/2019415632) Tensile Strength : stress (tensile strength) F: force applied at 0.03497685 N A: unit area (0.0000319m)

Strain : strain : specimen elongation at 6740.838mm : original length (193mm)

Yield Stress : yield stress : yield force at 2.72998205 ...