GSM Based Automatic Energy Meter PDF

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KWAME NKRUMAH UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

PROJECT REPORT ON GSM BASED AUTOMATIC ENERGY METER READING

BY BADU GODSWAY

4805610

AMAMOO MENSAH NANA

4803310

GADOGBE BRYCE SENA

4808110

Supervisor: DR. PHILIP YAW OKYERE

JANUARY, 2014

ABSTRACT Electricity is one of the vital requirements for the sustainment of a comfortable and productive life and as such it should be used judiciously for its proper utilization. Consumers are not satisfied with the services of power companies with the existing energy meter reading and billing system. Most of the time they have complains regarding statistical errors in their monthly bills. The objective of our project is to design and implement an automatic energy meter reading system that measures and transmits total energy consumption to the Electricity Provider using the GSM network as well as disconnect or reconnect the meter remotely. This can be achieved by the use of a microcontroller unit that continuously monitors and records the energy meter readings in its permanent memory location and a GSM modem that enables the remote monitoring and control of the energy meter. The proposed Microcontroller based system continuously records the readings and the live meter reading can be sent to the provider using the existing short messaging services (SMS) of the GSM network on request. This system can also be used to disconnect or reconnect the power supply to the consumer if the need arises. A dedicated GSM modem with a SIM card interfaced to the ports of the microcontroller is required for each energy meter. With this, a great deal of energy is saved and the consumer enjoys maximum satisfaction of the electrical energy paid for; hence an improvement, stability and utilization of electrical energy are achieved as well as reduction on human dependency.

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS GSM

General System for Mobile Communication

AMR

Automatic Meter Reading

RF

Radio Frequency

PLC

Power Line Carrier

AC

Alternating Current

PMWCM Module

Power Meter with Wi-Fi Communication

GAPMR

GSM Automatic Power Meter Reading

GPM

GSM Power Meter

SMS

Short Messaging Service

SIM

Subscriber Identity Module

RISC

Reduced Instruction Set Computer

EEPROM

Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM

UART Transmitter

Universal Asynchronous Receiver

AT command

ATtention command

PIC

Programmable Interface Controller

LCD

Liquid Crystal Display

DC

Direct Current

RTC

Real Time Counter

IC

Integrated Circuit

LED

Light Emitter Diode

PC

Personal Computer

GPRS

General Packet Radio Service

FWAMR Reading

Fault-tolerant Wireless Automatic Meter

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CLMCS System

Customer Load Monitoring and Control

EPROM

Erasable Programmable ROM

ADC

Analog to Digital Convertor

PWM

Pulse wave Modulation

AVR

Advance Virtual RISC

CISC

Complex Instruction Set Computers

CPU

Central Processing Unit

POR

Power- on Reset

ICSP

In-Circuit Serial Programming

PSP

Parallel Slave Port

SSP

Serial Slave Port

WDT

Watch Dog Timer

TDMA

Time Division Multiple Access

FDM

Frequency Division Multiplexing

GMSK

Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying

FDD

Frequency Division Duplex

PCMCIA International Authority

Personal Computer memory Card

USB

Universal Serial Bus

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TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE ......................................................................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER TWO .......................................................................................................................................... 3 LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................................................. 3 2.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 3 2.2 History of automatic meter reading ..................................................................................................... 3 2.3 Automatic meter reading technologies .............................................................................................. 4 2.4

GSM based automatic meter reading .............................................................................................. 8

CHAPTER THREE .................................................................................................................................... 13 THEORY .................................................................................................................................................... 13 3.1 Block Diagram .................................................................................................................................. 13 3.2 Microcontroller.................................................................................................................................. 14 This significantly shows that the choice of microcontrollers to be used depends on it application. Due to dependence on what it would be used to implement, cost involved, its efficiency and capabilities, microcontrollers vary widely and come in different specifications. ........................................................... 16 3.2.1 3.2.1.2

PIC Microcontroller.............................................................................................................. 16 Memory Organization ........................................................................................................ 18

3.2.1.3 Data EEPROM and Flash Memory ........................................................................................ 19 3.2.1.4 I/O Ports ............................................................................................................................... 19 3.2.1.5 Watchdog Timer (WDT) ........................................................................................................ 20 3.2.1.6 Analog-To-Digital Converter (A/D) Module .......................................................................... 20 3.2.1.7 Addressable Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter [USART] ......... 20 3.2.1.8 Ports/pins and their functions [30] ........................................................................................ 21 3.3 GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) ............................................................................ 26 3.3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 26 3.3.2

GSM Network ........................................................................................................................ 27

3.3.3 Short Message Service (SMS) ................................................................................................ 29 3.3.4 GSM Modem .......................................................................................................................... 29 3.3.5 Interfacing the GSM module.................................................................................................... 32 3.4.1 Electromechanical Energy Meter ............................................................................................ 33 iv

3.4.2 3.5

Electronic meters.................................................................................................................... 34

Relay................................................................................................................................................ 35 3.5.1 Basic design and operation ...................................................................................................... 36 3.5.2 Types of Relays ........................................................................................................................ 36

3.5.2.1 Solid State Relays.......................................................................................................................... 37 3.5.3 Interfacing the relay ................................................................................................................. 39 3.6 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) .................................................................................................... 40 3.6.1 Pin Diagram .............................................................................................................................. 41 3.6.3 Basic Commands of LCD ............................................................................................................. 42 3.6.4 Interfacing of LCD ..................................................................................................................... 43 3.7 Power supply unit........................................................................................................................ 43 3.7.1 Transformer..............................................................................................................................44 3.7.2 Rectifying unit .......................................................................................................................... 44 3.7.3 Filtering unit ............................................................................................................................. 45 3.7.4 Voltage regulator ...................................................................................................................... 45 3.8 Flow Chart .................................................................................................................................. 46 CHAPTER FOUR ........................................................................................................................................... 47 METHODOLOGY ..................................................................................................................................... 48 4.1

Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 48

4.2

Steps taken so far.......................................................................................................................... 48

4.3

Steps to be taken ............................................................................................................................ 48

CHAPTER FIVE ........................................................................................................................................ 49 IMPLEMENTATION AND RESULTS ............................................................................................................... 49 5.1 DESIGN CONSIDERATION....................................................................................................... 49 5.2 DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS ............................................................................................................... 50 5.3 Subsystems of the Design ............................................................................................................. 51 5.3.4 Power Supply Circuit .................................................................................................................. 53 5.4 COMPLETE CIRCUIT AND MODE OF OPERATTION ........................................................................ 54 5.5 TESTING AND RESULTS .................................................................................................................. 56 5.5.1 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS ........................................................................................................... 56 CHAPTER SIX................................................................................................................................................ 57 6.1 CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................................................... 57 6.2 FURTHER WORK .................................................................................................................................. 58 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................... 58 v

TABLE OF FIGURES

Figure 1 : Block Diagram of AMR.............................................................................................................. 13 Figure 2 : Pin Diagram of PIC16F77A ....................................................................................................... 16 Figure 3: SIM300 GSM Modem ................................................................................................................... 30 Figure 4 :PIC16F887A interfaces with the GSM module........................................................................... 32 Figure 5: Electromechanical energy meter ................................................................................................. 34 Figure 6 : Electronic energy meter.............................................................................................................. 35 Figure 7 : Solid State Relay .......................................................................................................................... 37 Figure 8 : Latching Relay ............................................................................................................................. 38 Figure 9 : Polarized Relay........................................................................................................................... 38 Figure 10 : Reed Relay ................................................................................................................................ 39 Figure 11 :PIC16F877A interfaced with a relay ........................................................................................... 40 Figure 12 : Pin Diagram of LCD Display ....................................................................................................... 41 Figure 13: PIC16F877A interfaced with 2X16 LCD ...................................................................................... 43 Figure 14: Block diagram of power supply unit ......................................................................................... 44 Figure 15: Schematic diagram for power supply unit ................................................................................. 44

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CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction A large portion of meter reading for electricity consumption is done by human operators who move from building to building to collect data for generating the bill. Disconnection of power supply in the case of consumers who do not pay their bills also requires the human operator to visit the premises. This requires a large number of operators and long working hours to cover the required area of interest. This system of meter reading for billing is highly susceptible to human errors and is time consuming. The operation can be restricted or slowed down by bad weather conditions. This billing system is inaccurate, inefficient and increases the energy provider operation cost for meter reading. Recently, the prepaid electronic energy meter was introduced which partially solved the problem of the need to visit the site in order to take meter readings. However, some problems still exist as the prepaid card can be easily damaged or lost, the inability to provide real-time monitoring and the inability to avoid theft are also disadvantages [1]. As the number of electricity consumers as well as the commercial activities in the electrical industry increases to a great extent coupled with the fast paced advancement in wireless communication technology and microelectronics, it became increasingly important to develop automatic electric energy meters to replace the traditional manual energy meters in order to achieve efficient meter reading, reduce billing error and operational cost. The Automatic meter reading is an effective means for data collection that ensures greater data accuracy, allows frequent reading, improved billing and customer service, timely energy profiles and consumption trend updates and better use of human resources. Several solutions based on various technologies such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, internet, embedded Radio frequency module and power line communication have been suggested and developed to provide the efficiency, reliability and effectiveness of Automatic Energy Meter system. However, these methods either require a complex setup of infrastructure, are too expensive to implement and operate, or have short operating distance and still require field intervention of human operators [2][3]. The GSM based Automatic Energy Meter described in this project takes advantage of the available nationwide coverage of the GSM infrastructure in the country and the Short Message Service (SMS) feature to achieve the purpose of an efficient, reliable and effective meter reading system.

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Aim The aim of the project is to design a GSM based automatic energy meter reading system. Objectives 

To design a microcontroller based system to monitor and control domestic energy meter.



To use a GSM modem to implement monitoring and control in the system.



To remotely disconnect power supply to the house.

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CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction Automatic Meter Reading is the remote collection of consumption data from customers' utility like Electric meter using radio frequency, telephony, power-line or satellite communication technologies and processing the collected data to generate the bill and for analysis [4]. Various Automatic Meter Reading System designs using a variety of technologies have been proposed and implemented in many countries.

2.2 History of automatic meter reading The Automated Meter Reading was first tested in 1962 by AT&T in cooperation with a group of utility companies. After those successful experiments, AT&T offered to provide phone systembased Automatic Meter Reading services at $2 per meter four times more than the monthly cost of a person to read the meter at 50 cents. Thus the program was considered economically unfeasible. The modern era of automatic meter reading began in 1985, when several major fullscale projects were implemented. Hackensack Water Co. and Equitable Gas Co. were the first to commit to full-scale implementation of automatic meter reading on water and gas meters, respectively. In 1986, Minnegasco initiated a 450,000- point radio-based automatic meter ...