HDF 100 study guide - Lecture notes first exam PDF

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Jeanne L Chaffin, sweet lady with very long lectures. These were the notes for the first exam taken in her class...

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HDF 100 Purpose of a theory? 1. organize facts 2. to make sense of reality 3. predict what will happen Life Span Perspective - Inclusive of all phases of life Multidirectional Multicontextual Multicultural Multidisciplinary Resiliency 1. Multidirectional May Include: Liner growth (ideal but not likely) Growth in stages Unpredictability Gains and Loses Pace Individual variance Adolescence Girls first Dynamic Systems Influenced by: Health Nutrition Abilities/Disabilities Parenting styles Societal Issues 2. Multicontextual Different contexts Surroundings – families Historical Context (When we were born) Popular Names Experiences Discuss if grown up when parents/grandparents did Socioeconomic (SES)

Income Opportunity Health Care Opportunities 3. Multicultural Culture – “Patterns of behavior that are passed from one generation to the next and that serve as the resources for the current life of a social group” 4. Multidisciplinary Physical - growth and change that occur in a person’s body Cognitive development – mental processes Social – interacting with others Emotional - temperament and feeling 5. Resiliency / Plasticity The capacity to change – mold or shape Especially in stressful situations Durability Theory Family Systems Model Every member impacts the whole Life Course Framework Roles, Norms, Expectations change through life Life stages Ecological systems theory - Bronfenbrenner Theory Two kinds of theories: Grand Comprehensive theory which traditionally inspired and directed thinking Examples: Psychoanalytic Learning (Behaviorist) Cognitive Emergent Newer theories – emerging More multicultural & multidisciplinary Examples: Information Processing Epigenetic (with genetics) Ecological Systems Theory

1. Psychoanalytic Theory (1 of the grand theories) Defines human development in terms of inner drives and motives Divides development in stages - Each stage focuses on specific developmental tasks Built on Freud’s Psychosexual Theory Treated patients suffering from mental illness Believed in each stage sensual satisfaction is linked to major developmental needs and challenges. Freud’s stages First 6 years of life Infancy – oral stage Preschool years - anal stage School years Phallic Stage Latency Stage Rest of life genital stage Struggles in each stage – how they are resolved is the issue Erikson built on Freud Agrees Problems of adult life result of conflicts in childhood There are stages of development Differs Emphasize family and culture, not sexual urges Stages go throughout lifespan Labeled stages after life crisis at that time period rather than body parts. 2. Learning Theory (Behaviorist Theory) Grand theory of human development that focuses on the sequences and processes by which behavior is learned Focusing on what we do. John B. Watson - If psychology was to be a true science, psychologists should study only what they could see and measure: human behavior, not thoughts and hidden urges. If psychologist focuses on behavior, they will realize that anything can be learned. Central tenet of behaviorism ALL learning is based on observable behavior. Can train anyone to do anything. "Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in, and I'll guarantee to train them to become any type of specialist I might suggest? “ - Watson Classical Conditioning Ivan Pavlov (1849 – 1936) Pairing a neutral stimulus with a meaningful one Operant Conditioning

BF Skinner (1904 – 1990) Introduced the concept of reinforcement Positive Reinforcement – increases the frequency of the behavior Negative Reinforcement – increases the frequency when it is removed. Social Cognitive- Bandura Learning from observing, not needing to personally experience any reinforcement Controversy: Nature/Nurture Learning Theory – Focus is on experience (nurture) shaping the individual (John B. Watson) Maturation View – Physical aspects of growth and development (nature) influence the individual’s experience (Arnold Gisselle) 3. Maturation Theory – (Nature) This theory stated that developmental changes in a child's body or behavior are a result of the process rather than from learning, injury, illness, or some other life experience. Inborn predispositions – it is just the way you are The apples don’t fall far from the tree Milestone- gaining abilities at specific predicable times It is all the genes As a child matures If the basics of life are provided they will: Blossom like a flower Support Twin Studies Personality traits Family similarities – all very small, artistic, etc. Cognitive theory Cognitive Developmental Theory – Piaget - Grand theory Children go through stages Information Processing Theory The brain like a computer - An emergent theory Research 1. Formulate a research question. Example: Why is there more childhood obesity? 2. Develop a hypothesis Prediction – maybe diet affects the development of obesity. 3. Test hypothesis Design research (methods) that incorporates strategies to test your hypothesis

Developmental Research Methodologies Naturalistic observation • Scientific method conducted in a natural setting Case study • Carefully drawn account of an individual’s behavior • Constitute questionnaires, standardized tests, and interviews Correlation Studies Correlation coefficient • A number ranging from +1.00 to -1.00 that expresses the direction and strength of the relationship between two variables  Positive correlation  Negative correlation Limitations • Does not show cause and effect Scientific investigation that questions cause-and-effect relationships By introducing independent variables and observing their effects on dependent variables Experiment Tests a hypothesis Hypothesis: Proposition to be tested Independent variable: Scientific condition that is manipulated to observe its effects Dependent variable: Measure of an assumed effect of an independent variable Experimental group: Receives the treatment Control group: Does not receive the treatment – But all other conditions are comparable to those of the experimental group Research Study of developmental processes – By taking repeated measures of the same group of participants at various stages of development Typical time of study spans across months or a few years Longitudinal researchers must enlist future researchers to continue the study Cross-Sectional Research Study of developmental processes By taking measures of participants of different age groups at the same time Larger number of participants are needed for this type of study Cohort effect

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Similarities in behavior among a group of peers that stem from the fact that group members were born at the same time in history

4. Results Draws Use evidence to support hypothesis – refute it (back to the drawing board) 5. Communicate Publish, Replicate...