Health 100 Final Exam study guide PDF

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JMU Health 100 final exam study guide for Vargas...

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CHAP 14: PROTECTING AGAINST INFECTIOUS DISEASE ● For a disease to occur in a person: ○ The host must be susceptible ○ The immune system compromised ○ An agent capable of transmitting a disease must be present ○ The environment must be hospitable to the pathogen in terms of temperature, light, moisture, and other requirements. ● Risks factors you cannot control: ○ Heredity ○ Aging ○ Environmental conditons ○ Organism virulence and resistance ● Risk factors you can control ○ Stress ○ Nutrition ○ Fitness level ○ Sleep ○ Drug Use ○ Personal Hygiene ○ High-risk behaviors ● Immunity: A condition of being able to resist a disease by counteracting the substances that produce it. ● Antigens: Any substance that is capable of triggering an immune response. ● Antibodies: a blood protein produced in response to and counteracting a specific antigen ● Humoral Immune Response: Body’s major defense against many bacteria and the poisonous substances they produce, called toxins. ● Cell-mediated immuntiy: ○ Lymphocytes: Population that develops and attacks the foreign invader (small are T and B cells) ○ Macrophages: White blood cells within tissues that digest cellular debris and pathogens to allow the creation of more lymphocytes that can respond to the pathogen. ● Chain of Infection: ○ Pathogen: Any disease causing microorgansms ○ Reservoir: Can be a person, animal, or an environmental component. ○ Means of transmissions: ■ Direct (skin or sexual contact) ■ Indirect (Infected body fluid or blood) ● Vectors: Carrier of the pathogen from one host to another. ○ Portal of entry: ■ Penetration of the skin ■ Inhalation through nose/mouth ■ Ingestion ● Physical and Chemical defenses

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Skin ■ Pathogens enter through the skin only when cracks or breaks occur ○ Enzymes and secretions ○ Linings of the body ○ Immune system defends The Immune System ○ Incubation Period: Will not feel symptoms until the second or third phase of the immune response cycle. ○ Prodromal Period: Symptoms often due to the immune response, not the illness. ○ Immunocompromised: Individual immune system is inpaired. ○ Autoimmune diseases: Immune deficiency syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), multiple sclerosis. ○ The Inflammatory response: ■ Histamine causes dilation of blood vessels, heat, redness, and swelling. ■ Fever is a common sign of infection ■ High temperatures can destroy some disease-causing organisms ● Stimulates more white blood cell producton to attack invaders ■ Pain most often accompanied by inflammation ○ The Immune response: ■ Natural (innate) response ■ Acquired (adaptive) response ■ Response has four specific phases Contagion and Immunization: ○ Epidemics: Rapidly spreading disease or health concern (country) ○ Pandemics: Cross Continents ○ Immunization: The process of priming the body to remember an encounter with an antigen. ○ Vaccine: Weakened/ dead pathogen to stimulate production of antibodies ■ Active immunity: Person produces their own antibodies to the microorganism. ■ Naturally acquired passive immunity: Passed from a mother to her fetus via their shared blood supply or to an infant via breastmilk. ■ Passive immunity: Injection of antibodies produced by other human beings or animals. Allergies ○ Allergies result from a hypersensitive and overreactive immune system. ○ Allergens: A substance that causes an allergic reaction ○ The allergic response: ■ Production of immunoglobulin E antibody (IgE) ■ Histamine: Released by mast cells, causes inflammatory response ■ Anaphylaxis: Most serious, but rare, kind of allergic reaction Types of Pathogens: ○ Bacteria

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Cocci, bacilli, spirilla “Superbugs” ● Staphylococcal infections (skin)- acne, boils, infected wounds ● MRSA- dangerous resistance of staph ● Streptococcal infections- strep throat, scarlet fever ■ Meningitis: Inflammation of the membrane that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. ■ Pneumonia: One of the most common forms is bacterial and easily treated with antibiotics ■ TB: A bacterial disease that was a leading cause of death in the 1900s but has been controlled. ● Multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) ● Extensively drug resistant TB (XDR-TB) ■ Tickborne bacterial diseases: Lyme disease and ehrlichiosis ■ Ricksettia: Small tickborne bacteria \ Viruses ■ Most common form of contagious disease ● The common cold ● Influenza ● Chicken pox, cold sores ● Viral hepatitis (jaundice) ● HPV ■ Treatment: ● Treat the symptoms ● ANti-viral medications Fungi ■ Yeast Infections (candidiasis), athlete’s foot, ringworm Protozoa ■ Microscopic single-celled organism ■ Malaria, trichomoniasis, amoebic dysentary Parasitic worms ■ Largest organisms that can enter the body to cause infections ■ Tapeworm and pinworm Prions ■ Do not trigger an immune response ■ Form deposits in the brain ■ Mad cow disease ■ Assoicated with TSEs that cause sponge-like holes in the brain ■ Linked to fatal degenerative disorders of the CNS ■ Lack DNA and RNA and consist of only protein

Emerging Infectious Disease ○ West Nile Virus: Spread by the insect bite of an infected mosquito ○ Avian (bird) Flu: Infectious disease of birds (virus)

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○ E. Coli: Foodborne illness that causes severe bloody diarrhea and kidney failure ○ SARS, Rotavirus, Hantavirus, Ebola Factors contributing to emerging infections: ○ Drug resistance, Poverty, Environmental events, Travel, Mass food production

CHAP 9: UNDERSTANDING YOUR SEXUALITY ● Sensuality: Awareness and feelings of our body and other people’s bodies (our partner) ● Intimacy: Ability to have a close positive relationship with another person ● Sexual Identity: The recognition and acknowledgement of oneself as a sexual being ● Sexual health and reproduction: Attitudes and behaviors related to the health of sexual organs, the ability to have children, and the health consequences of sexual behavior. ● Sexualization: The uses of sexuality to influence, control, or manipulate others in ways that may be harmful or exploitative ● Gender:Social attributes associated with men and women ● Sex: Biological male/ female/ intersex genitalia ● Gender Identity: How you identify ○ Cisgender: gender matches sex ● Sexual Orientation: Person’s preference n sex partners ● Sexual Prejudice: Negative attitudes and hostile actions directed towards individuals in minority sexual groups. ○ Homophobia, microaggressions ● Gender Role: Public expression of gender identity as well as the cultural expectations of male and female behaviors. ● Socialization: The process whereby society conveys behavioral expectations to the individual. ○ Gender role sterotypes ● Androgyny: Both masculine and feminine ● Essentialism: There’s an essence to us that makes us more masculine or feminine ● Social Construction: Male and female is constructed ● Tran: Umbrella term for anyone whose behaviors, thoughts, or traits, differ from those traditionally ascribed to the person’s sex. ● Transgender: A person whose gender identity is different to their biological sex and who has taken medical steps to transition their body. ● Transitioning: Process in which trans individual work to change their appearance and social identity to match their gender identity. ● Intersexuality: The sexual physiology of an individual; a person who is intersex. ● Gonads: Ovaries/Testes- produce sex hormones and germ cells ● Germ cells: Basic units of reproduction, ova in the female and sperm in the male ● Pituitary gland: The endocrine gland that controls the release of hormones from the gonads. ● Female Anatomy ○ External:

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■ Mons pubis ■ Labia majora ■ Labia minora ■ Urethral opening ■ Clitoris ■ Vaginal Opening Internal: ■ Vagina ■ Uterus (womb) ■ Endometrium ■ Cervix ■ Ovaries ■ Fallopian tubes Male Anatomy ■ External ● Penis ● Scrotum ■ Internal ● Testes ● Epididymides ● Vasa Deferentia ● Ejaculatory Ducts ● Urethra ● Seminal Vesicles ● Prostate gland ● Cowper’s glands

Childhood ○ Self-genital stimulation ○ Engage in play that may be viewed as sexual in nature ○ Curious about secondary sex chracteristics ○ Puberty: The time during which the female reproductive system matures ○ Menarche: age 10-13 years- first period ○ Ovulation: The phase of the menstrual cycle at which the ovarian wall ruptures ○ Menstrual cycle: Its three phases over an average of 28 days includes the: ■ Proliferative phase: follicles inside the ovaries develop anad mature in preparation for ovulation

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Secretory phase: The lining of the uterus releases or secretes chemicals that will help an early pregnancy attach if an egg was fertilized or help lining break down if no egg. ■ Menstrual phase: Break down of the lining (period) ○ Dysmenorrhea: Painful menstrual flow ○ Premenstrual syndrome (PMS): Group of symptoms linked to menstrual cycle ○ Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) ○ Amenorrhea: Menstrual cycle stops ○ Lifestyle changes to reduce menstrual symptoms: ■ Limit salt intake ■ Exercise ■ Don’t use alcohol ■ Eat nutritious diet ■ Relax ○ Menopause: Decrease estrogenlevels, vaginal dryness, hot flashes, headaches, dizziness, and joint pain. ○ Exam steps: ■ Breast examination and pelvic examination ■ Phase 1- external exam ■ Phase 2- use of speculum, collect specimen ■ Phase 3- bimanual exam ○ Male Sexual Maturation: ■ Begins about 10 or 11 years old ■ Physical Changes ● Testicular growth ● Penis growth ● Pubic hair growth ● Facial and body hair growth ● Voice deepens ● Height grows ■ Andropause: Lower testosterone levels in older men ● Changes in sexual function ● Changes in sleep pattern ● Physical changes ● Emotional changes ○ Sexual stimulation: Comes from both physical and psychological stimuli ○ Physical stimulation: Through the senses, Erogenous zones ○ Psychological stimulation: Fantasies, ideas, memories The sexual response cycle: ○ Physiological mechanisms: Vasocongestion (blood rush), Muscular tension ○ Four phases: ■ Excitement phase ■ Plateau phase ■ Orgasmic phase

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● Refractory phase (males) ■ Resolution phase ○ Sexual Problems: ■ Vaginitis: Inflammation of the vagina ● Candida (yeast infection) ● Trichomoniasis ■ Endometriosis ■ PID ● 50-75% are caused by STDS ■ Prostatitis ■ Testicular cancer ● Common in men in their 20-30s ■ Epididymitis ■ Testicular torsion ○ Sexual dysfunctions: ■ Men: ● Erectile dysfunction ● Premature/retarded ejaculation ■ Women: ● Orgasmic dysfunction ● Dyspareunia Sexual Behaviors ○ Celibacy ○ Autoeroticism or masturbation ■ Erotic fantasy ○ Touching and foreplay ○ Oral-genital stimulus ■ Cunnilingus (stim. female genitals) ■ Fellatio (stim. Male genitals) ○ Anal intercourse ○ Vaginal Penetration

Expressing Your Sexuality ○ The Coital Standard ■ Penis-Vagina intercourse is seen as the ultimate sex act ○ The Orgasmic Standard ■ Sexual interaction should lead to orgasm

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The Romantic Standard ■ Sex should be related to love ○ The Heteronormative Standard ■ Sex is experienced by male and female Autoerobic behaviors: Sexual self-stimulation Sexual fantasies: Sexually arousing thoughts Masturbation: Manual self-stimulation of the genitals Erogenous Zones: Areas of the body that when touched lead to sexual arousal

CHAP 20: PREVENTING VIOLENCE ● Violence: Aggressive behaviors that produce injuries and can result in death ● Intentional Injuries: Injury, death or psychological harm inflicted with the intent to harm ● Unintentional Injuries: Injury, death, or psychological harm caused unintentionally or without premeditation. ● Violent crimes involve force or threat of force and include four offenses: ○ Murder or manslaughter ○ Forcible rape ○ Robbery ○ Aggravated assualt ● Factors contribute to violence: ○ Unsafe neighborhoods ○ Inadequately staffed police and social services ○ Programs and policies to discourage violence ○ Changing social norms that contribute male violence over women ○ Extreme religious beliefs ○ Political differences ○ Breakdown in crijminal justice systems ○ Mental health issues ● Anger: ○ Primary aggression: Is goal-directed hostile self-assertion that is destructive in nature ○ Reactive aggression: Is more often part of an emotional reaction ● Substance abuse: ○ 40% of inmates in prison for violent crimes were under the influence of alchol. ○ 37% of sexual assault and rapes are commited by intoxicated offenders ○ ⅔ of victims of violence by a current or former spoue or partner report that the perpetrator had been drinking ●

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Homicide Death that results from intent to injure or kill. ○ Homicide is the 15th leading cause of death in the US ○ Most homicides are not random acts of violence ○ Most happen with firearm Hate crimes: ○ Bias-related crime (ethno-violence): Violence directed at persons affliated with a

particular ethnic group. Prejudice: An irrational attitude of hostility directed toward an individual Discrimination: Constitutes actions that deny equal treatment or opportunities, often based on prejudice. Domestic Violence: The use of force to control another person and maintain power in the home environment. ○ Intimate partner violence (IPV): Describes physical, sexual, or psychological harm by a current or former partner or spouse. ○ Homicide committed by a current or former intimate partner is the leading cause of death of pregnant women in the US ○ 74% of all murder-suicides involve intimate partner The Cycle of Tension: ○ 1. Tension building ○ 2. Incident and acute battering ○ 3. Remorse/ reconciliation Child maltreatment: ANy act or series of acts of commission or omission by a parent that results in harm, potential for harm, or threat of harm to a child. Child Abuse: Acts of commission which are deliberate or intentional words or actions that cause harm, potentional harm, or threat of harm to a child. Neglect: Failure to provide a child’s basic needs such as food, clothing, shelter, and medical care. Sexual vicitmization: Any situation in which an individual is coerced or forced to comply with or endure another’s sexual acts or overtures. ○ Sexual assualt: Any act in which one person is sexually intimate with another without that person’s consent. ○ Rape: Sexual penetration without the victims consent ○ Simple rape: Rape by one person, that does not involve a weapon or physical beating ○ Aggravate rape: Rape that involves multiple people and uses weapons or physical beating. ○ Acquatiance rape: Any rape in which the rapist is known to the victim (date rape) ○ Marital rape Consent: ○ Too drunk or incapacitated ○ Underage ○ Position of Authority Collective Violence: Violence perpetrated by groups (gang, terrorist) CHAP 15: STIs ● More than 20 known types of STIs ● Can be eliminated through education, responsible action, simple preventive strategies, and prompt treatment ● Routes of transmission: ○ Vaginal intercourse ○ Anal intercourse ○ ○

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○ Oral- genital contact ○ Hand- genital contact ○ Mouth-to-mouth contact ○ Contact with fluids from body sores Many STIs have no noticeable symptoms in the early stages but potentional consequences are: ○ Infertility ○ Blindness ○ Heart disease ○ Cancer ○ Liver and brain damage ○ Death Bacterial Infections- curable ○ Living Organism ■ Chlamydia ■ Gonorrhea ■ Syphilis ■ Trichomoniasis ■ Chancriod ○ Usually cured by antibiotics ○ Chlamydia: ■ Can cause sterility in men and women ■ Symptoms: Usually asymptomatic in women but some have vaginal discharge, burning with urination, pain or bleeding during intercourse, and lower abdominal pain. ■ In men, painful urination, watery discharge, pain around testicles ■ Diagnosis: ● Lab tests on a urine sample or small amount of fluid from the urethra or cervix ● Infected person and partner give antibiotics ○ Syphilis: ■ Caused by treponema pallidum bacterium ■ Can be effectively treated with antibiotics ■ Symptoms: ● Primary phase: 10-90 days after exposure ● Secondary phase: 3-6 weeks after chancre ○ Chancre: Sore often found at the site of syphilis infection ● Late or tertiary phase: damage is too far to be undone, possible death ■ Diagnosis: ● Exam infected tissue and blood tests ● Treated with antibiotics ○ Gonorrhea:

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Can cause arthritis, rashes,eye infections, PID, epididymitis Can infect throat or rectum Symptoms: ● Usually none but men can have discharge and women can have pain during intercourse Diagnosis: ● Microscopic exam of discharge ● Oral antibiotics can cure ○ Drug-resistant chains of gonorrhea

Occurs when initial infection by chlamydia or gonorrhea travels upwards into reprouctive organs ■ Symptoms: women can be asymptomatic or have long painful periods, discharge, spotting, abdominal pain, fever, chills, nausea, and vomitting. ■ Diagnosis: ● Made on the basis of symptoms, physical exam, ultrasound, and lab tests ● Antibiotics and sometimes hospitalization ● Partners be treated as well ○ Trichomoniasis ■ Single-celled organism (protozoan parasite) ■ Symptoms include abnormal discharge, genital itching, and painful urination on women. Asymptomatic in men. ○ Bacterial Vaginosis(BV): ■ Most common cause of abnormal vaginal discharge ■ Caused by unhealthy species of normal vaginal bacteria ○ Pubic Lice and Scabies ■ Highly contagious parasitic infections ■ Visual diagnosis Viral Infections- not curable ○ Genital Herpes (HSV) ○ Genital Warts (HPV) ○ Hepatitis ○ HIV ○ May be treated but not cured. ○ Controlled by vaccine ○ Not alive, but lives on host ○ Genital Herpes ■ About 1 in 5 adults in the U.S has genital herpes ■ Two forms cause genital herpes and oral-labial herpes (cold sore) ● HSV 1 (type 1) ○ Usually exposed to virus during childhood ○ Oral-labial herpes

○ 50-80% of u.s adults have antibodies to HSV-1 HSV 2 (type 2) ○ Almost always sexually transmitted ○ Usually occurs during adolescence and early adulthood ○ Asymptomatics in 80-90% of people ■ Symptoms: burning sensation, redness at site of infection, blisters, has dormant stages. ■ Diagnosis: ● Sample from infected spot, blodd test ● Drugs to treat symptoms HPV (human papillomavirus) ■ Most common viral STI in the U.S ● Causes a variety of diseases: genital warts, genital cancers ● Two vaccines for HPV: Gardasil and Cervarix ○ Gardasil ■ Protects against four types of HPV virus that account for 90% of genital warts and 70% of cervical cancers ■ Most effective before the onset of sexual activity ■ Approved for boys ○ Cervarix ■ Doesn’t protect against genital warts but may be more effective against cervical cancer ■ Symptoms:Genital warts ■ Diagnosis: ● Visual examination and PAP smear ● Can be treated by freezing off the warts Hepatitis B (HBV) ■ Inflammation of the liver which can cause serious and permanent damage to the liver ■ Transmitted through the exchange of bodily fluids and sharing needles or contaminated items. ■ Can spread through nonsexual close contact ■ Symptoms: ● Can be asymptomatic ● Nausea, vomiting, dark-colored urine, abdominal pain, jaundice (yellow eyes) ■ Diagnosis: ● Blood tests ● Can be fatal, but most recover and can be chronic carriers ●

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HIV/ AIDS: ■ HIV causes AIDS ■ Without treatment AIDS kills nearly all of its victims ■ Approx 65 mil. Have been infected since the epidemic began ■ 21% are unaware they have it ■ Chronic disease that progressively damages the body’s immune system ■ People with AIDS are vulnerable to other infections ■ Attacks your CD4 (T cells) and drops to under 350 ■ Treatment: ● Nukes (NRTI) ● Non Nukes (NNRTI) ● Protease Inhibitors ● Infusion Inhibitor ■ Transmitted through direct exposure to blood and from mother to infant during breastfeeding ■ Window period: takes up to 6 months for the body to produce antibodies ■ Diagnosis: HIV antibody test, ELISA, Western blot

CHAP 20: CONSIDER REPRODUCTIVE CHOICES ● Conception ○ Egg disintegrates after 24 hours if n...