English 100 Final Exam Study Guide 2021 PDF

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Summary

This covers all the main topics my class needed to study for our final exam, covering notes from all lectures and assigned readings. I did remove the list of stories and poems as that is subjective to each professor...

Description

Final Exam Part 1 -- 2 short answer questions out of 10 5 shorter short answer questions out of 10 Part 2 -- Definitions 10 questions out of 10 Story/Poem identification Part 3 -- Grammar Parts of Speech Parts of Sentences Choose correct option sentences x 2 Part 4 – Essay

Poetry

Definitions Allusion: Expression designed to call something to mind without mentioning it explicitly; indirect or passing reference to something famous Alliteration: The occurrence of the same letter or sound at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words

Conceit: An elaborate and sustained metaphor Dramatic Monologue: One person speaking > a conversation between two people where the reader only hears one side Enjambment: How much the grammatical unit overlaps with the end of the line Free Verse: Laying the words of a poem out on the page in irregular lines

Fugue: Musical Form, with 3 parts (exposition, development, final entry) with a brief-phrase (subject) then echoed with multiple voices. Repeating. Leitmotif: any feature of a story or poem that is repeated enough that it forms a pattern and gestures towards the work’s attitude to its subject matter Modernism: Questioning preceding traditions, making it new. Free Indirect Discourse. Fracture, Formal loosening, new forms, new ways to use old forms Synecdoche: The practice of referring to a part of something in a way that stands for the whole Villanelle: five tercets (three-line stanzas) followed by a quatrain (four line stanzas) for a total of 19 lines. Lines 1 and 3 form refrains and are alternated to end stanzas two to five. Both refrains are provided as the final two lines of the final stanza (quatrain) The structure is usually: A1 b A2/ a b A1/ a b A2/ a b A1/ a b A2/ a b A1 A2

All Sonnets: ● 14 lines long ● Regular rhyme scheme ● Iambic pentameter ● Contain volta (turn) > a shift in logic Shakespearean Sonnet ● Rhyme scheme ABAB CDCD EFEF GG (three quatrains and one rhyming couplet) ● Volta comes after line 12 Petrarchan Sonnet ● Rhyme scheme ABBA ABBA CDE CDE (one octave and one sestet)

● Volta comes after line 8 Quatrain: sections of 4 rhyming lines Couplet: two lines that rhyme Octave: 8 lines long Sestet: 6 lines long Scansion: The practice of marking the stress patterns in poetry. Stressed and unstressed syllables The effects can be seen in many homographs (words with the same spelling but different pronunciations) Rhythm: stressed and unstressed syllables in a poem Meter: The predominant pattern formed by the rhythm throughout the poem (most common type) Iambic Pentameter: an iam is a foot consisting of an unstressed followed by a stressed syllable Pentameter: (literally five meter) means each line contains five such feet (repeating rhythmic patterns) so Iambic Pentameter is a poem whose lines mostly consist of five iams Most Common Metric Feet x = unstressed / = stressed ● Pyrrhic > xx … no stress ● Iamb > x/ … stressed ending ● Trochee > /x … stressed beginning ● Spondee > // … double stress ● Dactyl > /xx … stress none none ● Anapest > xx/ … none none stress ● Molossus > /// … triple stress

Short Fiction Plot VS Story: While a story is the chronological unfolding of the events that compose a narrative, the plot is the result of an author’s manipulation of these events Freytag’s Pyramid: exposition > rising action > climax > falling action > denoument (resolution) Analepsis: a shift backwards in time (flashback) Prolepsis: a shift forward in time (flashforward) Character VS Characterization: Characterization is the development of literary development Characters are developed in three basic ways: narrative description (physical & statements) actions, access to character’s feelings and thought processes Static Character: remain unchanged Dynamic Character: undergo some kind of development, experiencing a shift in character Round character: when they have enough complexity to give them a three-dimensional likeness to human beings Flat character: when they lack complexity Stock Character: generic Primary Character: Main character Secondary characters: interact with main characters but mostly background Point of View and Narration: All short fiction comes from a certain point of view. Narration is the perspective from which a story is told

Omniscient: Realist style can exhibit omniscience when given access to the thoughts and feelings of different characters as well as the details of their past or future

Limited Omniscience: It is only one or two characters whose inner worlds we gain access to Free Indirect Discourse: represents a middle ground between first- and third-person writing Metafiction: Writing draws readers attention to the fact that he or she is engaged in the process of reading a piece of writing > opposite of realism Embedded Narration: A story within a story Third-person Narration: we usually don’t know the identity of the narrator, who refers to all characters in the third person but generally makes no reference to him or herself First-person narration: we typically do know the narrator’s identity, and such a voice tends to refer to him or herself in the first person (I) Unreliable narration: narrator whose understandings or information may be called into question (eg. The Yellow Wallpaper Narrator) Epiphany: sudden spiritual manifestation “in which the whatness” a common object or gesture appears radiant to the observer > special moments of sudden insight Tone: designating the mood or atmosphere of a work Allegory: a story or visual image with a second distinct meaning partially hidden behind its literal or visible meaning, principle technique or allegory is personification (abstract qualities given human shape) Conjuries: a form of amplification that involves heaping words or phrases to create a veritable pile of words Imagery: language that evokes the senses through literal or figurative reference to perceptive or

‘concrete’ objects, scenes, actions, or states as distant from the language of abstract argument or expression > imagery can consist of evocation of senses other than sight, sound imagery, smell imagery, taste imagery, touch imagery Categories to Appeal in Argumentative writing Logos: appeal based on the ideas that the words hold (numbers, percentage, ‘fact’) > logic or reason. could simply mean: word Pathos: appeal towards emotions Ethos: Based on the character of the person presenting the argument > the speakers position of authority, his or her perceived honesty or other ethical views Errors in Writing > Shifts & Mixed Construction (Faulty Predications) Shifts: The point of view of a piece of writing (first, second or third person) Writers who have trouble setting on an appropriate point of view sometimes shift confusingly from one to another > solution is to choose a suitable perspective and stay with it Shifts in Verb Tense: past tense to present tense Shifts in mood or voice: unnecessary shifts in the mood of a verb can be distracting and confusing Three Moods in English ●

Indicative: used for facts, opinions and questions

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Imperative: Used for advice

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Subjunctive: used in certain contexts to express wishes or conditions contrary to

fact Shifts from indirect to direct questions or quotations > Mixed Constructions

Fixing would be to untangle grammatical structure or straighten out the logical connection The subject and the predicate (Verb and Modifiers) should make sense together, when they don;t, the error is a faulty predication

Avoid ‘is when’, ‘is where’, ‘is because’ constructions Grammatically the word is (as well as: are, was, and were) should be followed by a noun that renames the subject or by an adjective that describes the subject, not by an adverb clause. Logically the words when, where, and because suggest relations of time, place and cause -relations that do not always make sense is: are, were, and was. Grammar Parts of Speech Noun: People, Things, Places, Qualities, or ideas Verb: express actions or states of affairs (doing) Pronoun: Definite > He or She and Indefinite > Each, Every, Either, Neither, One, Another, Much. That replace or stand for the noun Adjective: Words used to tell us more about the noun or pronoun Pronoun Antecedent: The word that the pronoun is referring to > Lisa cooked herself dinner. Lisa is the antecedent that ‘herself’ is referring to Adverb: tells us more about verbs Prepositions: joining words usually used before nouns or pronouns > relationships of time or space

Conjunctions & Conjunction Adverbs: normally used to join groups of words together, in particular, to join clauses together Coordinating Conjunctions: join parallel groupings of words > FANBOYS (for, and, nor, nut, or, yet, so) Subordinating Conjunctions: join subordinate clauses to main causes Conjunctive Adverb: adverbs that join word-groups as well as modifying them Correlative Conjunction: come in pairs and can join single words or word groups Parts of Sentences Subject: the thing, person, or quality about which something is said in a clause usually a noun or pronoun > does a thing to an object Object: something or someone towards which an action or feeling is directed > has the thing done to it Direct Object: is the thing, person, or quality directly affected by the action of the verb > what received the action of the verb Indirect Object: thing, person, or quality that is indirectly affected by the action verb > to who or for whom was the direct object acted upon Predicate: everything that is said about the subject Clauses: distinct group of words that includes both a subject and a predicate Phrases: distinct group of words that does not include a subject and a verb Types of Clauses Main Clause (Independent): a group of words that is or could be a sentence on its own Subordinate Clause (Dependent): a clause that could not be a sentence on its own

Subject-Verb Agreement: whenever you use a verb in the third-person singular present tense it must end in ‘s’ Dangling Constructions: particles, infinitives and gerunds must relate grammatically to the subject of the adjacent main clause Incomplete Sentences (Sentence Fragments): a group of words that has been written as if it were a complete sentence > missing something (Verb, Subject)

Subordinating Conjunction (subordinating Conjunction)(Causal relationship): Because ‘X’ happened ‘Y’ also happened Complex Sentence Fragments: missing ‘Y’ in second clause Is there a verb? Is there a subject? Is there a subordinating conjunction? If so is there a clause that it is subordinate to? Run-on Sentences: a sentence that should be broken up into two or more sentences Comma-splice: when a comma is used between independent clauses without coordinating conjunction Fuse Sentence: when independent clauses are not separated by punctuation Article: often classed as a form of adjective > are words used to introduce nouns: ‘a, an, and the’ Auxiliary Verb: verb that adds functional or grammatical meaning to the clause The Period: used to close sentences that make statements The Comma: used to indicate pauses, and to give the reader cues as to how the parts of the sentence relate to one another

Semi-Colon: used to separate independent clauses whose ideas are closely related to one another Colon: used in headings, titles, to announce that more is to follow, or that the writer is about to list a series of things > after an independent clause to introduce a quotation > after an independent clause to indicate that what follows provides an explanation Apostrophe: To show possession or to shorten certain word combinations [possessive pronouns never have an apostrophe] Hyphen: used to separate two parts of a compound word usually when one is acting as an adjective

Quotation marks: used to show that the exact words that a person has spoken or written, are being repeated Reflexive Pronoun: me> myself, us>ourselves, you>yourself/selves used when the subject and the object of a sentence are the same thing Possessive Pronoun: NO apostrophe in possessive pronouns Dangling Constructions (Misplaced Modifiers) Modifier: Adjectives, adverbs > used to describe part of the sentence Dangling Modifier: When a modifying word or phrase or clause has nothing to modify in the sentence > happens when you have an introductory phrase that is supposed to connect with the subject but the subject is in the wrong place...