HDFS 239 Final Notes PDF

Preview

Summary

Kollat- HDFS 239 final notes...

Description

How does school size impact adolescent adjustment?

What is the ideal middle/high school size

Student’s attachment to their school wakens as grade size increases (400+ students)  A K-8 and 9-12 school model is recommended for better achievement and behavioral outcomes than a separate middle school  

Class size matters less than school side than it did it elementary school Ideal school size is 600-900 students

Why is school an important context for adolescents?

School is a major contributor to an adolescent’s social world and psychosocial development

How much time do adolescents spend in school?

About ⅓ of their waking hours  Between ages 11-18, children spend about 7000 hours in school and 180 days of the year

What are the characteristics of a good school?

    

Qualities of effective teachers No Child Left Behind (2002)

Warmth, support, clear boundaries and expectations   

Problems with NCLB

   

Obama administration fix (2009)

   

Trump administration

Emphasize intellectual activities Have teachers who are committed to their students and granted autonomy in their classrooms Monitor effectiveness of educational practices and policies Integrated into surrounding community Allow for active student learning and participation

 

Mandates all states to ensure that all students, regardless of SES, achieve academic proficiency on standardized tests Schools that repeatedly fail face losing funding or being forced to close Addresses problem of social promotion Teaching to the tests Subjects not on test at risk for being cut No common set of standards (states can game the system by setting low passing standards) Encourage poor performing students to be absent on test day Stress the need to have high standards for all students Stressed need to have a common set of standards across all states Schools encouraged to develop better ways of evaluating teachers, helping teachers to improve classroom skills, and replacing poor teachers with better ones High school achievement did not change in comparison to NCLB Focus on the right to choose child’s school Encourage schools to compete for student enrollment (believe that this will motivate schools to improve)

Alternatives to public school



Parents should be able to use government funded education vouchers to choose school (concerns that this will create advantage for wealthier students and districts)

  

Charter schools School vouchers Private schools

Charter schools

Public schools that have been given the autonomy to establish their own curricula and teaching practices

Vouchers

Used to purchase education at a school of one's choosing  Complain they take away money from public school system

Private schools

Private schools are necessarily more effective than public schools  Selection effects: schools get to choose who they admit

Achievement gap

White and asian students score higher on test scores than black, latinx, and native students

How do ACEs relate to the achievement gap?

Students who experience one or more ACE affect ability to perform

% of ACEs experienced by each race

   

61% of black children 51% of hispanic children 40% of white children 23% of asian children

ACEs

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Physical abuse Emotional abuse Sexual abuse Physical neglect Emotional neglect Mental illness experienced in the house Incarcerated relative Mother treated violently Substance abuse in the house Divorce or parental abandonment

Toxic stressors

Strong, frequent, or prolonged activation of the body’s stress response systems in the absence of the buffering protection of a supportive, adult relationship

How does toxic stress affect physical, mental, and social health?

1. Toxic stress leads to HPA axis activation (devoted to stress response) 2. HPA axis activation leads to wear and tear on body 3. Leads to unhealthy life choices: aggressive/impulsive behavior, substance abuse

Effects of prolonged stress



Prefrontal cortex: overactive amygdala tells PFC to

response on developing brain 

decrease functioning Noradrenaline floods the brain compromising ability to override impulses (those with toxic stress have trouble controlling impulses. Can’t focus attention or concentrate)

School to prison pipeline

How harsh school disciplinary policies and law enforcement policies intersect to feed young people into the criminal punishment system

Is the presence of law enforcement in schools useful?

Presence of officer in school increases the likelihood that student infractions will be handled by law enforcement, not the school

What percent of American students referred to in-school arrests are Black and Latinx?

70%

Services FICS provides to clients

Pro-social program, psychosocial educational opportunities, counseling with families.

What does FICS stand for?

Family intervention crisis services

Where do FICS therapists work with families?

In the home

How are families referred to FICS?

Anyone can call them in

How are families supported by FICS during a time of crisis?

A counselor will go to the family’s house

What is family sculpting?

The therapist asks one or more members of the family to arrange the other members in relation to one another in terms of posture, space, and attitude as to portray the arranger’s perception of the family

How are emotions addressed by FICS staff?

With empathy and compassion

Examples of self-care techniques

Meditation, taking time for yourself

What is included under the queer unbrella?

Sexualities and genders

What does LGBTQIA stand for?

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer/questioning, intersex, asexual/aromantic/ally

Gender identity

Woman, man, other genders

Attraction

A person can be physically attracted to women, men, or other genders

Biological sex

Sex assigned at birth: female, male, intersex/other

Gender expression

How someone appears on the outside

Queer teens don’t get as many privliges as

Straight teens

Services offered by the Center for Sexual and Gender Diversity

     

What is autoerotic behavior?

Educations and trainings LGBTQ membership program LGBTQ internship program Lavender graduation Queer communincations: Newsletter and weekly information Discussion groups

Sexual behavior that is experienced alone  Sexual fantasies (¾ of teens do this)  Matsurbation o ½ of boys, ¼ of girls

Developmental progression of sexual activity

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Holding hands Kissing Making out Feeling breasts over/under clothes Feeling penis over/under clothes Feeling vagina over/under clothes Intercourse/oral sex

By age 16 __% have engaged in some form of ‘noncoital’ activity

80%

By senior year, __% have experienced intercourse at some point

60%

How many high schoolers are sexually active?

Less than ⅓

Why is it hard to collect accurate data about teen sexual practices?

 

Men overstate their sexual activity Females understate their sexual activity

Trends in sexual activity



Rates of heterosexual vaginal intercourse ae declining over recent decades Sexual precocity and promiscuity are also declining Teens are more active than previous generations in oral sex and anal sex

 

What percent of 18-24 year old 1994: 16% women have engaged in anal sex? 2009: 40% Average age of first intercourse for heterosexual people is __

17

From 2008, what is the % of gay individuals that have had same sex sexual experiences?

Men: 3% Female: 11%

Average age of same-sex couples to have sex?

16.3

Pronography’s role in sex education?

Shifts expectations of self and partner’s sexual behavior

Porn literacy

Program that is not for or against porn that teaches adolescents to analyze porn’s messages

9 porn literacy lessons

1. Helping teens understand their own values and pre-existing beliefs about sexually explicit media 2. The history of pron and regulation of obscenity 3. Occupational conditions of some porn performers 4. Defining sexual consent and understanding basics about STIs; the risks of compulsive behavior related to porn 5. Risk factors for youth for commercial sex explotation 6. Healthy intimacy + relationships 7. Distinction between healthy flirting and sexual harassment 8. Legal related to sexually explicit material 9. How to talk to peers about porn

Where did Emily Rothman begin her work and what was her goal?

She had been working since before 2002 to trace the causes of dating violence.

What are the rates of porn exposure in college students?

93% of males and 62% of females

Why does Rothman argue porn is a terrible form of sex education?

It doesn’t have reliable or factual information

Why does Rothman feel is the relationship between porn and sexual violence?

Porn makes mild violence towards women acceptable

Which taboo does Orenstein talk about in her TED talk?

Women’s sexual pleasure and the right to enjoy sex

How is sex education failing men and women?

It talks about preventative meausres and not how to enjoy sex or the pleasure aspect of it

What are the trends in teen sexual Oral sex, soemtiems oral sex is a way for a girl to please a man behavior she describes? without having to go further. It is almost expected for a woman to perform oral sex on a male. How might reports of sexual satisfaction between men and

Men qualify ‘good sex’ based on thier own pleasure while women base it off of their partner’s sexual satisfaction

women be misleading? What is the orgasm gap?

Men experience more orgasms than women

How do same-sex sexual experiences for women differ from heterosecual experiences?

The orgasm gap disappears and women climax at the same rate as men

What percent of teen girls have masturbated?

Less than half

What is intimate justice?

Everyone is entitled to engage and enjoy sex

What are the two missions of CentreSafe? In one year, how many domestic violence and sexual assault survivors does CentreSafe work with? What are the components of the power and control wheel?

1. Empower survivors and domestic and sexual violence 2. Work towards the elimination of such violence 1000 domestic violence and 500 sexual assault

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Using intimidation Using emotional abuse Using isolation Minimizing, denying, and blaming Using children Using male privilege Using economic abuse Using coercion and threats

What is the most dangerous time in an abusive relationship?

When the non abusive partner is trying to leave

Define domestic violence

Pattern of coercive behavior used by one person to gain power and control over another in an intimate or former intimate relationship

What are the barriers to a partner leaving an abuser

How might an abuser use their children to exert power/control over their partner?

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

Hope for change Isolation Escalated abuse Fear Love Children Lack of resources Unaware of options Immigration Societal response Religion

Making her feel guilty about the children, using children to relay messages, using visitation to harass her, threatening to take away children

How can you support survivors of domestic and sexual violence?

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Listen Acknowledge Express concern Respect their choices Be supportive Encourage and share resources

How are e-cigarette/vaping companies catering to teens?



Teens love to try new things, they can personalize their vape experience. They come up with tricks for vaping

 How well are e-cigarettes regulated?

Regulation is lagging, sales are restricted to anyone under 18

How much nicotine do most ecigarettes contain? Why is this concerning for teens?

Many devices contain the amount of nicotine that is in a full pack of cigarettes.  Chronic exposure to nicotine changes the functioning of systems in your body. Nicotine decreases the flexibility of the blood vessels and changes how the heart responds to acute challenges like stress.  The teen brain is sensitive to the addictive effects of nicotine as well as its toxic effects. It decreases learning, memory, attention processes and increases hyperactivity symptoms

Internalizing disorders

Problems are turned inward (emotional and cognitive distress)

Externalizing disorders

Problems are turned outward (behavioral problems)

How do rates of depression and anxiety shift during adolescence for boys and girls?

There is an increase in depression and anxiety during adolescence

How have depression rates shifted from 2005 to 2017?

Ages 12-17 jumped by 52% from 8.7% and 13.2%

Text book p 374: what are the patterns of substance use in teens? Describe the 6 patterns

1. Nonusers- 33% rarely experiment with any substances in adolescence 2. Alcohol experimenters- 25% first tried alcohol in early adolescence, continue to drink occasionally, but do not try other drugs and did not increase their drinking over time 3. Low escalators- 5% begin using substances early in adolescence and increase use slowly and steadily over time 4. Early starters- 6% show very high substance use in early adolescence that gradually escalates over time. By the end of high school they smoke and drink frequently and experiment with drugs 5. Late starters- 20% use substances infrequently during early adolescence, but rapidly increase use so by the end of adolescence they nearly match early starters

6. High escalators- 8% show moderate substance use in early adolescence that escalates rapidly and continues to increase throughout high school What is vaping

Use of an e-cigarette (electronic device that heats a liquid and produces and aerosol, or mix of small particles in the air)

How have rates of vaping changed from 2015-2019?

In 2015, vaping had peaked at 16% of students, now 27.5% of high schoolers vape (and 10.5% of middle schoolers)

% increase in 2017-2018 for middle school vapers

Jumped 48.5%

% increase in 2017-2018 for high school vapers

Jumped 77.8%

What is EVALI?

E-cigarette or vaping product use associated with lung injury

How is evali linked to vaping?

Vitamin E acetate which is in carts is used as an additive, mostly used as a thickening agent.  As of Dec 4th, there have been 48 deaths

How is the teenage brain/body more susceptible to addictive behaviors and to nicotine dependence?

Using nicotine products before 25 can harm the part of the brain responsible for memory, attention and learning  Use of one drug increases sensitivity to another which explains the gateway effect  Adolescents have less aversion, and exhibit greater relapse, more resistant to treatment and have less severe withdrawal symptoms...