Health Belief Model and Smoking PDF

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Health Belief Model and Smoking Health behaviors or health-related behaviors are actions that have an impact on health or mortality. These actions can be intentional or unintentional, and they can be beneficial or detrimental to the actor's or others' health. Health behaviors include smoking, substance use, diet, physical activity, sleep, risky sexual activities, healthcare-seeking behaviors, and adherence to prescribed medical treatments (Short & Mollborn, 2016). As previously stated, smoking has received considerable attention as health behavior. Smoking is a high-risk behavior that can have devastating health consequences for people with diabetes and those with cardiovascular disease and cancer. Because of the disastrous consequences of tobacco use, smoking is one of the most significant behavioral threats to individuals' health. In overall, the negative effects of smoking on one's health are well understood by the general public (Tibbs, 2002). It is one of the most serious public health threats in the world. Tobacco smoke was the second leading cause of death and disability-adjusted lifeyears in 2013, accounting for 6.1 million deaths and 143.5 million disability-adjusted life-years. Smoking is not only a modifiable health-related behavior that can have a negative impact on adolescents' physical development. Adolescent smokers are more likely to develop atherosclerosis, asthma and have lower bone mineral density. Smoking has also been linked to lifestyle behaviors such as diet, alcohol consumption, physical activity, and sleep (Wang, 2017). According to the HBM, a person's belief in a personal threat of illness or disease, combined with a person's confidence in the effectiveness of the recommended health behavior or action, predicts the likelihood that person will adopt the behavior. Health-related behavior theory (HBM) is based on psychological and behavioral theory, with the premise that the two components of health-related behavior are the desire to avoid illness or recover if one is already

sick and the belief that taking a specific health action will prevent or cure disease. Finally, an individual's course of action is frequently determined by the person's perceptions of the benefits and barriers associated with health behavior (LaMorte, 2019). According to Ogden (2017), HBM is concerned that behaviors are the result of a set of core beliefs. She emphasized seven core beliefs that can help predict individual behaviors: susceptibility to illness, the severity of diseases, cost, benefits, cues to action, perceived control, and health motivation. Tobacco use is determined by an individual's perception of personal vulnerability to illness caused by tobacco use, according to the Maryland Tobacco Resource Centre [MTRC] (n.d.). The HBM would predict that people would quit smoking or choose not to start smoking to avoid cancer, heart disease, and other smoking-related illnesses. In other words, if people believe they are at risk of developing these diseases, they will stop smoking (Ogden, 2017). People will quit smoking if they realize that the infections caused by smoking, such as lung cancer and other smoking-related diseases, are more severe illnesses. If the cost of treating the sickness outweighs the benefits of smoking, people will consider quitting. In other words, people will quit smoking if they know it will save them money. Individuals' smoking behavior is influenced by a desire to be accepted and become a part of a group of peers, parents, or family members who smoke, a strong desire to try cigarettes, glamorous media advertisements on cigarettes, and the belief that smoking is not harmful to one's health. Other studies have found three major factors influencing smoking behavior: social, psychological, and environmental factors. On the other hand, women smokers have a high predisposition to want to quit due to self-encouragement. Encouragement can take the form of raising awareness of illnesses and diseases caused by smoking and other factors such as gender and social environment. As a result, the formation of these factors and their influence on the

desire of female smokers to quit were investigated using the Health Belief Model (Pribadi & Devy, 2020). HBM tries to explain and predict health behaviors as a model, primarily by focusing on people's beliefs and attitudes. A vital feature of this belief model is that people have choices and can make good decisions about their health once given information. According to the model, whether people protect their health is determined by their level of belief.

Reference: LaMorte, W. (2019, September 9). The Health Belief Model. Behavioral Change Models. Retrieved

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modules/sb/behavioralchangetheories/behavioralchangetheories2.html Maryland Tobacco Resource Centre. (n.d.). Health Belief Model | MDQuit. Retrieved September 13, 2020, from https://mdquit.org/health-behavior-models/health-belief-model Ogden, J. (2017). The psychology of health and illness: An open access course. The psychology of health and illness.pdf Pribadi, E., & Devy, S. (2020, July 2). Application of the health belief model on the intention to stop smoking behavior among young adult women. Journal of Public Health Research. Retrieved

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Wang, M. (2017, June 2). The associations between cigarette smoking and health-related behaviors among chinese school-aged adolescents. Tobacco Induced Diseases. Retrieved November

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