Health Promotion and Maintenance- Toddler and Preschooler PDF

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Health Promotion and Maintenance: The Toddler and The Preschooler: Growth and Development: Toddlers: - Measure and plot length, weight, and fronto-occipital circumference (FOC) o Watch for changes in percentile - Physical assessment - Development o Screening tool o General observations and questions o Referral if not meeting milestones Nutrition: - Transition from bottle or breast to solid foods - Eating patterns o Toddlers often eat small meals - Guidance about food choices - Eating habits now lay foundation for healthy eating in the future Physical Activity: - Needed to develop fine and gross motor skills - Appropriate activities for young children - Develop habits of physical activity to prevent sedentary lifestyle Oral Health: - Child should begin seeing dentist at 1 year of age - Develop brushing, flossing skills, and habits - By 2 years of age, child has full set of 20 primary teeth Mental and Spiritual Health: - Observe interactions between parent and child - New accomplishments help foster positive self-image and mental health Relationships: - Family is primary relationship - Assess family strengths Disease Prevention Strategies: - Immune system is maturing - Immunizations - Screening for vision, hearing problems - Importance of not being exposed to cigarette smoke Injury Prevention Strategies: - Car seats and booster seats - Gun safety - Choking hazards - Other homes children visit - Home environment o Friends - Falls o Relatives - Drownings Self-Concept: Toddlers and Preschoolers: - Healthy self-concept is fostered by parents o Setting up successful play experiences o Praising the child for successes o Using effective limit-setting techniques o Realizing and appreciating the child’s unique characteristics General Strategies to Promote Health During Health Supervision Visits: - Explain procedures and purpose of procedures to parents - Allow parents to help during exam - Encourage parents to ask questions

- Encourage parents to share general perceptions of the child - What to expect at the next visit Strategies for Toddlers and Preschoolers: - Teach them about their body - Understanding limited to things they can see/feel/hear o ie: stomach vs liver - Explain growth and developmental tasks that are expected in the coming months - Provide toys that encourage development o Ie: Safe climbing toys - Review developmental screening tool with parents Involving the Family: - Family is the constant in the child's life - Family is the expert about the family - Must be involved in health supervision visits - Family influences the child in both risk and protective factors - Families who handle stress well and have healthy lifestyle patterns offer security for the young child At Each Visit: Family Assessment: - Interview family about developmental status of child - Observe family interaction and discipline style - Discuss parental concerns Mental Health Issues and Concerns: Toddlers and Precschoolers: - Self-regulation to soothe and comfort self - Assessment of child and family - Child should develop sense of right and - What is a typical day like? wrong - Observe communication patterns - Adequate sleep and rest are needed - Self-esteem - Family spiritual orientation - Related to tasks child can do (Example: brush teeth independently, toilet training) Self-Regulation: - Controls o Anger o Excessive desires for objects or food o Other nonsocial behaviors - Child must learn to control and regulate self o Positive discipline Sleep Issues: - Nightmares - Pattern of sleep - Night terrors - Where child sleeps Benefits of Positive Self-Esteem: - Decreased rates of depression - Decreased rates of anxiety - Decreased rates of eating disorders Toddlers and Relationships: - Enjoy playing with other children - Play "side by side," not cooperatively - Will play with adults Preschoolers and Relationships: - Play cooperatively with other children - Like to help with tasks ("house") - Setting table - Picking up toys - Improving language skills Separation: - Toddlers and preschoolers must learn to be away from parents - Must learn that parent ill return - Parents may feel guilty for leaving

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Strategy: Allow child to keep a familiar object with them...