HHD UNIT 3 & 4 Jacaranda textbook notes PDF

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Health and Human Development UNIT 3 & 4 Jacaranda textbook notes....

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Health and Human Development Unit 3&4 U3AOS1 Health and wellbeing - overall state of a person’s SMEPS and is characterised by an equilibrium in which the person feels happy, healthy, capable and engaged. WHO definition - health is a state of complete physical, mental and social h&w and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. Illness - concept that relates to the negative aspects of h&w. Disease - physical or mental disturbance involving symptoms, dysfunction or tissue damage. Dimensions of health and wellbeing - SMEPS Physical h&w - functioning of the body and its systems, includes the physical capacity to perform daily tasks. Social h&w - ability to form meaningful and satisfying relationships with others, and the ability to adapt appropriately to social situations. Spiritual h&w - ideas, beliefs, values and ethics that arise in the minds and conscience of humans. Emotional h&w - ability to express emotions and feelings in a positive way, and the ability to manage and express emotional actions and resilience. Mental h&w - current state of the mind or brain, relates to the ability to think & process info. Dynamic & Subjective nature of health and wellbeing - Concepts of h&w said to be dynamic, as it can change quickly and the way people view it can change over time - Said to be subjective, as it means different things to different people Interrelationships between dimensions of health and wellbeing - All dimensions affect each other - Eg. feeling sick = physical h&w, impacts social h&w when you can’t go out, emotional h&w affected Optimal health & wellbeing as a resource - Optimal health and wellbeing reduces the risk of illness and premature death Individually Allows people to: - Work productively - Gain an education - Earn an income - Run a household - Exercise Nationally - Greater economic growth - Less strain on healthcare

- Greater productivity - Higher levels of education - Higher civic participation Globally - Promote economic development - Reduce risk of disease transmission between countries - Assists in promoting peace and security - Promotes sustainability Prerequisites for health - WHO, PISSFESS acronym Peace - Absence of conflict, decrease risk of premature death Shelter - Protection from outside environment increases security, reduced risk of disease etc. Education - Empowers individuals and increases ability to earn income, health literacy levels ↑ Food - Consume adequate nutrients, energy to complete daily tasks Income - Afford resources like healthcare, adequate food, housing, education Stable ecosystem - Stable ecosystems mean resources are safe and available for human use and consumption eg. water, soil, energy Sustainable resources - Ensuring resources that are available now will last for future generations to consume and utilise Social justice - Equal rights and fair treatment, addressing social and spiritual health and wellbeing Equity - All people should have equal access to resources or an income needed to meet a decent standard of living Measuring Health Status - key definitions Incidence - no. of new cases of a condition in 12 months Prevalence - no. of cases of ill health in population at any given time B.O.D - measure of impact of diseases & injuries, measures gap between current HS and an ideal situation where everyone lives to an old age free of disease/disability. Measured in DALY’s Disability Adjusted Life Year (DALY) - measure of B.O.D, one DALY equals on yr of healthy life lost due to premature death and time lived w/ illness Years Life Lost (YLL) - how many yrs expected life lost due to premature death

Years Lost due to Disability (YLD) - how many yrs lost due to illness, injury or disability L.E - how long a person can expect to live if current death rates do not change Health Adjusted Life Expectancy (HALE) - measure of B.O.D based on LE at birth, no. of years spent in full health that a person can expect to live, based on current rates of ill health & mort. Mortality - death at a population level Morbidity - ill health in a population Infant Mort. - death of child from 0-1 yrs old out of 1000 live births U’5 Mort. - death of child u’5 out of 1000 live births Self-assessed H.S - measure based on one’s own opinion about how they feel about their own h&w, their state of mind and life in general, generally from population surveys HS of Australians & the biological, sociocultural & environmental factors that contribute to variations between population groups Biological factors: culturally Sociocultural: social & appropriate cultural conditions into factors relating to the body healthcare which people are born, that impact on health Environmental: physical work, grow, live & age - Body weight surroundings in which we - SES - Blood pressure live, work & play - Social connections - Blood chol. - Housing - Family influences - Glucose regulation - Work environment - Food security - Birthweight - Urban design & - Early life - Genetics including infrastructure experiences predisposition to - Climate & climate - Access to disease, sex, change affordable, hormones Males & Females Biological - ↑ rates of overweight - ↑ rates of hypertension - ↑ impaired glucose regulation - Genetics inc. sex & hormones means more fat around abdomen Sociocultural - Impacts of unemployment (when males can’t provide for their fam, feel inadequate) - Higher SES - Gender stereotypes Environmental - Males often work in more dangerous environments eg. sun exposure, machinery

HS -

LE around 4 yrs less than females Lower rates of osteoporosis, arthritis, mental & behavioural problems Less likely to experience v high levels of psychological distress

Indigenous & Non Indigenous Biological - High BMI - Hypertension - Impaired glucose regulation - Low birth weight babies Sociocultural - Low SES - Higher rates unemployment - Lower levels health literacy - Social exclusion - Homelessness Environment - Poorer quality & overcrowded housing - Lack of access to healthcare facilities - Poorer infrastructure ↓ road quality HS - LE about 10 yrs less than other Aussies - Higher mort. Rates in each lifespan stage - B.O.D rates x2 higher - Higher rates of chronic conditions and STI’s

High & Low SES Biological - Higher rates of: - Obesity - Hypertension - Impaired glucose regulation - Low birth weight babies Sociocultural - Lower levels of: - Income - Education - Health literacy - More likely to be unemployed in low SES Environment - Proximity to fast food outlets - Neighbourhood safety HS - LE is 3 yrs lower in low SES groups - More avoidable deaths - Higher rates of: - Infant mortality

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Diabetes Kidney disease CV diseases Mortality due to injuries & generally

In & Outside of Major Cities Biological - Higher rates of: - Overweight - Obesity - Low birth weight babies - Hypertension Sociocultural - Lower income outside - Less access to education - Higher rates of: - Unemployment - Social exclusion - Food insecurity Environment - Poorer road quality - Poorly lit roads - Greater driving distances - Reduced proximity to healthcare, recreational facilities, supermarkets - More dangerous work environments HS - Lower LE as level of remoteness is increased - Higher rates of: - Preventable cancers - CV disease - Diabetes - Arthritis - Mental health issues Contribution to Aus’s HS & B.O.D: Smoking - Increases the risk of: - Atherosclerosis - Cancer - Low birth weight babies - Asthma - Lowered immunity Alcohol - Increase the risk and B.O.D associated with: - Weight gain - Liver disease - Cancer

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Injuries with behaviour change Poisoning

High BMI - Height to weight ratio is calculated by weight ➗ height - Helps professionals assess risks of chronic diseases eg. type 2, CVD Dietary Risks Low intake fruit - fibre makes you feel full for longer, eat less. Undercons. of dairy - weaker bones = osteoporosis High fat intake - weight gain/obesity High salt intake - obesity, bacteria growth on teeth Low intake iron - anaemia, weakness, exhaustion Low intake fibre - feel hungry

U3AOS2 Old Public Health - Gov. actions focused on changing the physical environment to prevent the spread of disease - Eg. providing safe water, sanitation, sewage disposal Health Status in Australia 1900 - Poor housing & inadequate environmental conditions led to dangerous health issues - Lack of safe water and sanitation lead to infectious diseases eg. smallpox, diarrhea - Healthcare was very expensive, not everyone can afford it leading to a difference in health status and mort. rates - Inadequate income meant people had untreated diseases, increased mort. rates Reasons for increased infectious diseases: - Poor air quality due to rise of factories - Inadequate food storage and prep - Waste collectors - ‘nightmen’, threw waste into waterways, contaminating it and increasing infectious diseases Diseases: - CV, cancer, respiratory, injury and poisoning, parasitic, infectious Parasitic disease - Infectious disease caused by a parasite eg. carried by mosquito Infectious disease - Disorders caused by organisms such as bacteria or viruses - Some can be easily passed from person to person - Eg. smallpox, diarrhea, polio, hepatitis, STI’s Since 1990: - LE increased - Infant mort. decreased - Lifestyle diseases began to emerge

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Lower maternal mort. ratio Reduced deaths from infectious and parasitic disease due to living conditions

Biomedical Model - Focuses on physical and biological aspects of disease and illness for individual - Relies on doctors and health professionals - Back to pre-illness state - “Band aid” approach - Development in medicines and technology - MRI’s help with diagnosis of brain injuries, stethoscopes help w/ detection of CVD etc. Advantages -

Creates advantages in tech and research Common problems can be treated Improve quality of life

Disadvantages -

Relies on healthcare professionals and can be costly Not every condition can be treated Won’t look at reason behind illness

Social Model Of Health (new public health) - Expands the traditional focus - Consider ways in which physical, sociocultural and political environments impact on health - Focuses on prevention - Developed in late 1970’s - Developed in response to increase in preventable lifestyle diseases - Focuses on educating the public - Key components are health promotion and policy development eg. SunSmart, Quit (smoking) Advantages -

Promotes good h&w Assists in preventing diseases Relatively inexpensive

Disadvantages -

Not every condition can be prevented Doesn’t promote development of tech and knowledge

Areas the Social Model addresses: AREAS Addresses Broader factors of health - social, economic and environmental determinants Reduce social inequities - reduce barriers like income, gender and race Empower individuals and communities - knowledge and skills people need about their health Access to healthcare - address social and environmental barriers to healthcare eg. location Involves interSectional collaboration - gov. and NGO’s work together to address barriers

Connection between Biomedical and Social Model - Biomed focuses on disease and illness, social focuses on wide range of determinants

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Biomed practised by healthcare professionals, social by wide range of people Biomed is focused on a diagnosis, social considers prevention Biomed puts burden on health system, social tries to prevent that burden

Ottawa Charter For Health & Promotion -

Developed by WHO Aims to reduce inequalities in health Action areas acronym: Bad Cats Smell Dead Rats

Build healthy public policy Create supportive environments Strengthen community action Develop personal skills Reorient health services Health promotion: enabling people to increase control over and improve their health Strategies for health promotion: - Advocate: promote message of health - Enable: achieve equity, education - Mediate: sectors working together to achieve health outcomes Definitions Sustainability: available for future generations, can continue and go for a long time Accessibility: people can use healthcare Equity: reasonable and fair treatment, people can access what they need.

Medicare -

Australia’s universal health insurance scheme Aim to deliver affordable, accessible and high quality health care Subsidise the cost of medical care, services and general treatment

Bulk billing is when your doctor bills Medicare directly and accepts the Medicare benefit as full payment for their service. This means you do not have any out-of-pocket expenses. In Hospital - They pay 75% of the scheduled fee - In public hospitals as a public patient accommodation, treatment and specialists covered Out of Hospital - Doctor consultation fees - Specialist, tests and examinations needed to treat illness eg. blood test, x-rays, eye tests - Child dental benefit scheme 2-17yrs

Funded by: - General taxation - Medicare Levy: 2% of income - Medicare Levy Surcharge: if single person earns above $90,000 you pay an extra surcharge to encourage people to join a private health insurance and out of the system What they do not cover: - Most private hospital costs - Ambulance cover - Alternative health services eg. physio, acupuncture, naturopath etc. Safety Net: - Allows equity of access to healthcare - Ensures a lower cost/no cost to services once a threshold has been reached - Medicare will provide financial support to people who need it so they can access cheaper services How is Medicare sustainable, accessible and equitable? Sustainable: medicare only covers certain treatments, ensuring funding is not only available now but for future generations. Accessible: aim to increase access to healthcare by subsidising costs of GP’s, making it more accessible by removing barrier of cost. Equitable: don’t charge low income earners & Safety Net provides additional support to those who need it. How has Medicare improved Health Status in Australia? - Increased access by removing barrier of cost for seeing a GP (covers scheduled fee), so more people can visit a doctor to be treated, increasing LE - Access to x-rays and blood tests allow illnesses to be diagnosed early, reducing B.O.D - Covers cost of treatment in public hospitals, ppl can be treated without worrying about cost, reducing mortality

PBS - Pharmaceutical Benefit Scheme -

Government subsidy scheme for essential medicine Aims to produce access to necessary meds in a timely, affordable and reliable manner 5,000 prescription meds available Available for Aus citizens & reciprocal agreement Patient makes co payment, gov pays rest Safety net is $1494

Sustainable: by not including all possible meds, the PBS is likely to be available to future generations Accessible: PBS lowers the cost of meds to remove barrier of expensive meds

Equitable: meds capped at lower cost for concession card holders & safety net

NDIS - National Disability Insurance Scheme -

NDIS is a national insurance scheme that provides services and support for people with permanent significant disabilities and their family or carers Funded by Federal and State governments Assists people with disabilities to live an ordinary life

Examples of NDIS - Transport costs - Seeking employment - Home and vehicle modifications Sustainability: strict eligibility required, promotes sustainability as not just anyone can get support, meaning more funding available for those who need it in the future Accessible: criteria is extremely strict, not everyone can access it who need it which is a limitation Equitable: provide support based on individual needs (specific disability and situation) How the NDIS promotes health: - Facilitate social interactions with services like libraries, sporting clubs improving social h&w - Carer can help facilitate exercise, promoting physical h&w - Improve self esteem by providing a support system

Private Health Insurance What is it? A type of insurance cover where members pay a premium (fee) in return for payment towards health related costs not covered by Medicare. Types of Private Health Cover Hospital cover: - Cost of hospital treatment by a Dr. & costs inc. accommodation and theatre General treatment - Access to services like dental, physio, glasses, often called extras Combined cover - When an individual, couple or family take out both hospital and extras Why choose private health: Lifetime Health Cover hose who choose P.H.C after 31 yrs old pay an extra 2% on their premium for every year over the age of 30 Benefits - Shorter waiting time in hospital

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Private room in a private hospital Payments towards extras like physio, remedial massage etc. Medicare Levy Surcharge High income earners who do not have P.H.I pay an extra tax/surcharge

Advantages -

Enables access to priv. Hospital Shorter waiting times on surgery Some plans cover the cost of extras Priv. rooms with the choice of doctor in hospitals

Disadvantages -

Expensive Qualifying period for some benefits Often a gap payment required even after cover has payed for service Excess

Promotes Health Status by: - Healthcare infrastructure - Highly trained health professionals - PBS, essential meds available cheaply - Assistive technology

Smoking Why is it targeted by health promotion programs? - Smoking contributes significantly to Australia’s B.O.D and HS - In 2011, 18,000 Australians died from smoking related disease - creating 50 preventable deaths every day - Cancer is the number 1 cause of smoking related death and illness in Australia. - Disproportionally effects low SES groups and indigenous populations as they dont read health messages as much, leading to more Mort. rates Quit Victoria - 1985 established - Establishment who have made considerable progress in reducing the harm that tobacco causes in the community - Influenced legislation to protect people from second hand smoke - Phasing out tobacco advertising - Banning smoking in the workplace - Mass media advertising eg. lost child advertisement - Online support with resources on how to quit and stay quit Effectiveness - Advertising bans - Ban on smoking indoors and in public areas - Media campaigns - Price increase - Have all helped to significantly reduce the prevalence of smoking in Australia Ottawa charter relating to Quit program - Bad Cats Smell Dead Rats Build healthy public policy - no smoking in public places eg. restaurants, restricting advertising, tobacco tax. Create supportive environments - Quitline

Strengthen community action - support groups for those who quit smoking Develop personal skills - national tobacco campaign educates people on the dangers of smoking, cigarette packaging can warn people of the physical dangers Reorient health services - Quit invests millions of dollars in smoking prevention research Initiatives to address Indigenous health and wellbeing - How does the program achieve the action areas of the Ottawa Charter? - Bad Cats Smell Dead Rats - This will be evaluated with a given case study Australian Guide to Healthy Eating What is it? - Food selection tool incorporated into the Australian Dietary Guidelines (guidelines 2 & 3) - Intended for consumers to use it to assist them in planning, selecting and consuming adequate proportions of foods from the 5 food groups - Government run and funded How is it used? - People use it as a guide to ensure they are consuming adequate proportions of a specific food group - People can plan out their meals to meet the guidelines using the model as a visual representation - Helps to achieve optimum h&w

Dietary Guidelines for Australians Why was it developed? - Government run and funded - The Aus population has experienced an increase in diet related conditions and diseases, and the guidelines are designed to address the causes of the increase How do they cater for individual differences? - They cater for people at: - Different stages of life - Pregnant women - Different ba...