HHD Unit 3&4 Summary 2016 PDF

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Summary of the entire 2016 HHD Unit 3/4 course, including in depth descriptions of NGO programs and SDGs....

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Health and Human Development Unit 3&4 Summary

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Health & Health Status Definitions Health: ‘A complete state of physical, social and mental wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.’ (WHO 1946) Physical health: relates to the efficient functioning of the body and its systems, and includes the physical capacity to perform tasks and physical fitness. Social health: being able to interact with others and participate in the community in both an independent and cooperative way. Mental health: ‘State of wellbeing in which the individual realises his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully and is able to make a contribution to his or her community.’ (WHO 2009) Health status: ‘An individual’s or a population’s overall health taking into account various aspects such as life expectancy, amount of disability and levels of disease risk factors.’ (AIHW 2008) Life expectancy: ‘An indication of how long a person can expect to live, it is the number of years of life remaining to a person at a particular age if death rates do not change.’ Life expectancy at birth: An indication of how long a person can expect to live, it is the number of years of life remaining to a person at birth if death rates do not change. Health Adjusted Life Expectancy (HALE): A measure of burden of disease based on life expectancy at birth, but including an adjustment for time spent in poor health. It is the number of years in full health that a person can expect to live, based on current rates of ill health and mortality. Burden of disease: A measure of the impact of diseases and injuries, specifically it measures the gap between current health status and an ideal situation where everyone lives to an old age free of disease and disability. Burden of disease is measured in a unit called the Disability Adjusted Life Year (DALY). Disability Adjusted Life Year (DALY): A measure of burden of disease, one DALY equals one year of healthy life lost due to premature death and time lived with illness, disease or injury. Morbidity: refers to ill-health in an individual and the level of ill-health in a population or group. Years of life lost (YLL): A measure of how many years of expected life are lost due to premature death. Years lost due to disability (YLD): A measure of how many healthy years of life are lost due to illness, injury or disability. Mortality: Death in an individual or the level of death in a population or group. Under 5 Mortality Rate: The rate of deaths occurring in children under 5 years of age per 1000 live births. Prevalence: ‘The number or proportion of cases of a particular disease or condition present in a population at a given time.’ (AIHW 2008)

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Incidence: The number of new cases of a condition during a given period of time. Chronic disease: Any disease or condition that lasts a long time (usually more than six months). It usually can’t be cured and therefore requires ongoing treatment and management. Examples include arthritis and asthma. Optimal health: Refers to the best level of health and individual can realistically attain. Trend: A general change or movement in a particular direction. For example, trends indicate a significant increase in obesity rates over the past 20 years. Aspects of the health dimensions

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Limitations of health  Doesn’t give everyone the opportunity to be considered healthy, and is difficult to achieve and beyond the capacity of most people  Health is also dynamic and not just a state as it can change quickly

Determinants of Health Determinants of Health: ‘Factors that raise or lower a level of health in a population or individual. Determinants of health help to explain or predict trends in health and why some groups have better or worse health than others.’ Determinants can be classified in many ways such as biological, behavioural, social and physical environment.  Health and health status are the product of all four determinants Biological Determinants Biological determinants: Factors relating to the body that impact on health, such as genetics, hormones, body weight, blood pressure, cholesterol levels, birth weight. Biological determinants include: (BCX BIGS)  Body weight  Blood pressure  Blood cholesterol  Glucose regulation o Insulin allows glucose to be absorbed into the cell  Birth Weight  Genetics o Some conditions are sex specific o Genetic predisposition to disease o Hormones  Oestrogen: maintains bone density, distribution and deposition of fat (buttocks and thighs)  Testosterone: increases risk taking behaviour Behavioural Determinants Behavioural determinants: Actions or patterns of living of an individual or a group that impact on health, such as smoking, sexual activity, participation in physical activity, eating practices. Behavioural determinants include: (DVD PARTS)  Tobacco smoking  Alcohol consumption  Drug misuse  Physical activity  Dietary behaviour  Sexual behaviour  Vaccination behaviour  Risk-taking behaviour

Social Determinants

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Social determinants: Aspects of society and the social environment that impact on health, such as poverty, early life experiences, social networks and support. Social determinants include: (FUSS WASTE)  Socioeconomic status (Income, Occupation, Education)  Employment o Level of stress experienced o Relationships that the individual has with the general public, work colleagues and superiors o Financial position of the company o Demands of the job  Unemployment  Social exclusion  Social isolation  Stress  Food security  Early life experiences o Behaviours of women when pregnant, growth and development in early life  Access to health care Physical Environment Determinants Physical environment determinants: The physical surroundings in which we live, work and play. The physical environment includes water and air, workplaces, housing, roads, nature, schools, recreation settings and exposure to hazards. Physical environment determinants include: (HAND WICS)  Housing o Ventilation and hygiene o Overcrowding o Sleeping conditions o Design and safety o Security o Pollutants o Resources conductive to eating a nutritionally sound diet  Work environment o UV exposure o Accidents and injuries o Exposure to hazardous substances o Seating arrangements  Urban design and infrastructure o Geographical location of resources o Transportation systems o Recreational facilities  Air quality  Climate and climate change  Natural disasters  Water and sanitation

Variations in Health Status within Australia 5

Indigenous Australians Syndrome X: When a person exhibits a range of factors that increase their risk of cardiovascular disease and type II diabetes. Examples of the factors include abnormal obesity, high cholesterol and insulin resistance.

Males and females

Socioeconomic status groups

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Socioeconomic status: The social standing of an individual in comparison to others in society. It is based on education, income and occupation.

Rural and remote populations

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National Health Priority Areas (NHPAs) National Health Priority Areas: A collaborative initiative endorsed by the Commonwealth and all State and Territory governments. The NHPA initiative seeks to focus on the health sector’s attention on diseases or conditions that have a major impact on the health of Australians. The NHPAs represent the disease groups with the largest burden of disease and potential costs (direct, indirect and intangible) to the Australian community.

INJURY PREVENTION AND CONTROL Description Injury Prevention and Control: The term ‘injury’ relates to the adverse effects on the human body that may result from a range of different events. Injuries may be accidental such as falls, poisoning, drowning, sporting and workplace injuries and car crashes; or they can be intentional such as suicide, attempted suicide and violence. Reasons for NHPA Selection  Main cause of death for people under the age of 45  Is preventable in most cases  Incur significant direct, indirect and intangible costs (approx. $5.2 billion in direct costs in 2008-09) Determinants Biological Behavioural  Age: loss of bone mass – falls and fractures,  Alcohol use: risks children may be unable to read warning labels  Drug use: higher mental illness – self-harm and  Body shape and size: infants more likely to drown violence as head is larger than body making it difficult to  Physical activity: contact sports lift head out of water  Risk taking behaviour  Sex: males more likely to do risk taking activities, higher testosterone Social Physical Environment  SES: more likely to be injured due to lower  Work environment: machinery education, type of occupation and lack of  Transport: poor road quality, lighting and signage financial resources to ensure cars are in working  Housing: unsafe housing increase risk of falls and order injuries  Social exclusion and social isolation: mental  Access to recreational facilities: bodies of water health issues – self-harm – no one to talk to when increase drowning needed Associated Costs Direct Indirect Intangible Individual: patient co-payment for Individual: cost of long term care if Individual: frustration over having to relearn tasks they could once trauma leaves individual with medical treatment due to do due to being permanently limited mobility injury/trauma disabled Community: contribution from Medicare for cost of surgery from trauma

Community: loss of income for family members if caring for individual after suffering injury

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Community: grief and sadness if individual dies due to injury

MENTAL HEALTH Description Mental Health relates to the optimal functioning of the brain including thoughts and personality. Mental illness is a broad term for a group of conditions and these can be short or long term, with no way of knowing who will be affected by them. Most mental illnesses are caused by a chemical imbalance in the brain that can alter the way a person perceives his or her world. The two most common types of mental illness are anxiety and mood disorders (sometimes called affective disorders), particularly depression. Anxiety: Anxiety is characterised by feelings of worry or nervousness when faced with a threat, danger or stressful situation. Reasons for NHPA Selection  Mental illness is the most common non-fatal burden of disease in Australia and accounted for 13% of the total disease burden in 2010  Mental health problems have a relationship with other risk factors such as alcohol and drug misuse, as well as poorer health and higher rates of death.  Estimated that up to 45% of Australians will experience mental illness at some stage of their lives (Australia’s Health 2010) Determinants Biological

Behavioural

Tobacco use Alcohol misuse Drug misuse: many substances alter chemical make-up of the brain  Physical activity: releases endorphins which relieves stress Social Physical Environment  SES: if low they feel as if they lack control over life  Natural disasters: depression, stress, anxiety  Social exclusion  Housing: overcrowding – psychological distress,  Employment: work related stress – depressive insecure housing – inadequate sleep – symptoms stress/anxiety  Unemployment: stress and anxiety do to not  Access to recreational facilities being able to provide for self and family  Noise pollution  Stress  Transport: distress if people cannot stay in social  Early life experiences: i.e. loss of parent, divorce, contact with others, reach employment or parenting style (lack of affection/abuse) recreational facilities. Associated Costs Direct Indirect Intangible Individual: feelings of loneliness Individual: patient co-payment for Individual: loss of income if selfanti-depressants and counselling employed and depression prevents and sadness if not participating in usual activities due to depression them from working   

Body Weight Genetic Predisposition Chemical imbalance: chemicals in brain control mood. Deficiency in some, particularly serotonin can contribute to depression

Community: contribution from pharmaceutical benefits scheme for anti-depressants

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Community: Family members lose income if they take time off work to care for and support individual

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Community: Anxiety from family members for loved ones who are depressed and attempted suicide

ASTHMA Description Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease that occurs when a person has oversensitive air tubes which causes a reaction that tightens the airways. It is characterised by inflammation of the airways in response to certain ‘triggers’ such as pollen, pet hair, cigarette, physical activity and colds and flu. When exposed to triggers the airways narrow, making it difficult to breathe; commonly referred to as an asthma attack. During an asthma attack the individual struggles to fill their lungs with oxygen and often experience coughing and wheezing. Reasons for NHPA Selection  Contributes significantly to the overall burden of disease in Australia, responsible for 2.3% of total disease burden in 2010.  Places physical, social, economic and emotional burden on the community  Leading cause of school absenteeism and hospital emergency attendance for children. Determinants    

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Biological Body Weight: overweight/obese higher risk of developing asthma Genetic Predisposition Gender: up to age 15 males more likely to develop asthma Age: asthma most common in those aged 0 – 24 due to immature respiratory system Social SES: if low more likely to have asthma due to higher smoking rates and increased exposure to environmental tobacco smoke Early life experiences: mothers who smoke during pregnancy increase child’s risk

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Behavioural Tobacco use: increase risk, exposure in the uterus during infancy increases risk

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Physical Environment Air Quality: major cities or near industrial areas Work environment: exposure to pollutants Environmental tobacco smoke Housing: inadequate ventilation may increase indoor pollution

Direct Individual: patient co-payment for asthma medications and puffer

Associated Costs Indirect Individual: may have to pay for services to clean house to remove any asthma triggers

Intangible Individual: children may miss school due to being hospitalized from an attack

Community: contribution from pharmaceutical benefits scheme for asthma medications and puffer

Community: parents may have to take time off work to care for child with asthma and thus lose income

Community: anxiety from the parents of a young child with asthma

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DIABETES MELLITUS Description Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic condition in which the sufferer is unable to utilise blood glucose correctly. Glucose is the basic unit of fuel for energy and is required by the body’s cells to function normally. When glucose is not being taken into cells, blood glucose levels become high and the cells cannot function normally. Insulin regulates the uptake of glucose from the blood into the cells. In all cases of Diabetes Mellitus this process is interrupted. There are three types of diabetes: type I diabetes, type II diabetes and gestational diabetes. Insulin: A hormone that is secreted by the pancreas to facilitate the uptake of glucose from the blood into the cells. Type I Diabetes: Characterised by the pancreas not producing enough insulin to allow glucose from the blood into the cells. Type II Diabetes: The pancreas do not produce enough insulin, or the body cannot use the insulin effectively. It cannot be cured, but can be managed effectively. Overweight is the largest risk factor. Gestational Diabetes: Occurs during pregnancy in which the mother may not be able to produce enough insulin to metabolise the glucose. Gestational diabetes often disappears after pregnancy. Reasons for NHPA Selection  Leading contributor to the burden of disease contributing to 6.2% of total DALYs in 2010  Approximately 4% of Australian’s reported having diabetes as a long term condition in 2011-13  In 2008 the indirect costs associated with diabetes amounted to nearly $3 billion Determinants Biological     

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Body Weight High blood pressure and high blood cholesterol Impaired glucose regulation: precursor to type 2 diabetes Genetic predisposition Age: risk of type 2 increases with age Social SES: low SES has higher obesity rates Occupation: sedentary Food security: insecurity – energy dense/processed food Early life experiences: low birth weight

Direct Individual: patient co-payment for visiting a health professional to diagnose type 2 diabetes Community: funding health promotion programs such as ‘Life! Taking action on diabetes’

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Behavioural Tobacco use: higher blood glucose – insulin resistance, more likely to be sedentary and overweight Excessive alcohol consumption: energy dense – obesity Dietary behaviour: energy dense Physical inactivity Physical Environment Access to recreational facilities Work environment: sedentary environment (limited incidental activity i.e no stairs) Transport: passive transport

Associated Costs Indirect Individual: payment for a gym membership as regular exercise can reduce effects of diabetes such as fatigue Community: social welfare payments for individuals unable to work due to dizziness and lethargy (side effects of diabetes)

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Intangible Individual: frustration due to having to change diet to manage blood glucose and diabetes Community: frustration of family members if they too have to change their diet to help support individual

DEMENTIA Description Dementia is not a specific disease, but a term used to describe over 100 conditions that are characterised by progressive and irreversible loss of brain function. As brain function deteriorates, dementia interferes with normal behavior patterns and affects memory, language, speech, attention and personality. As brain cells continue to die, dementia will eventually lead to complete dependency on other people and ultimately death. The most common forms of dementia include Alzheimer’s disease, vascular dementia, dementia with Lewy bodies and frontotemporal dementia. Alzheimer’s disease: Most common form of dementia, characterised by the build-up of proteins both in and around brain cells, impacting on the ability of messages to be transmitted between the cells. Vascular dementia: Form of dementia that occurs as a result of reduced blood flow to the brain. Dementia with Lewy bodies: Common form of dementia that is caused by spherical proteins known as Lewy bodies inside the nerve cells of the brain. Lewy bodies cause the degeneration and death of the nerve cells. Frontotemporal dementia: Characterised by progressive damage to two specific parts of the brain: the frontal lobe and the temporal lobe. Reasons for NHPA Selection  Third most common cause of death in 2010 accounting for 6% of all deaths nationally  Contributes significantly to morbidity rates  Fourth largest contributor to burden of disease overall Determinants Biological Behavioural  Age  Tobacco use: impaired blood flow – vascular  Sex: Lewy body disease more common in males dementia  Genetic predisposition  Physical inactivity: sedentary – deterioration of  Down syndrome: greater risk blood vessels – vascular dementia  Blood pressure: hypertension  Lack of mental stimulation  Body weight: obesity  Alcohol consumption: specific types of dementia including ‘alcohol’ dementia  Dietary: high in saturated and trans increase blood cholesterol Social Physical Environment  Low education  Environmental tobacco smoke: clogs blood  Social exclusion vessels – cvd – vascular dementia  Access to recreational facilities  Transport  Air quality  Work environment Associated Costs Direct Indire...