Hist 1302 exam 3 - Lecture Notes PDF

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Terms from A History of the American People 1. Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine  The corollary stated that not only were the nations of the Western Hemisphere not open to colonization by European powers, but that the United States had the responsibility to preserve order and protect life and property in those countries.  The Roosevelt Corollary of December 1904 stated that the United States would intervene as a last resort to ensure that other nations in the Western Hemisphere fulfilled their obligations to international creditors, and did not violate the rights of the United States or invite “foreign aggression to the detriment of the entire body of American nations.” As the corollary worked out in practice, the United States increasingly used military force to restore internal stability to nations in the region. Roosevelt declared that the United States might “exercise international police power in ‘flagrant cases of such wrongdoing or impotence.’” Over the long term the corollary had little to do with relations between the Western Hemisphere and Europe, but it did serve as justification for U.S. intervention in Cuba, Nicaragua, Haiti, and the Dominican Republic. 2. Progressive Party 3. Fourteen Points  The Fourteen Points was a statement of principles for peace that was to be used for peace negotiations in order to end World War I. The principles were outlined in a January 8, 1918, speech on war aims and peace terms to the United States Congress by President Woodrow Wilson. 4. Woodrow Wilson’s Calvinism 5. Wilson’s obsession with the League of Nations  After the end of World War One, President Woodrow Wilson sought national support for his idea of a League of Nations. He took his appeal directly to the American people in the summer of nineteen nineteen. The plan for the League of Nations was part of the peace treaty that ended World War One. By law, the United States Senate would have to vote on the treaty. President Wilson believed the Senate would have to approve it if the American people demanded it. So, he went to the people for support. 6. Difference feminism versus sameness feminism 

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Difference feminism holds that there are differences between men and women but that no value judgment can be placed upon them and both genders have equal moral status as persons.[1]

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The term "difference feminism" developed during the "equality-versus-difference debate" in American feminism in the 1980s and 1990s,[2] but subsequently fell out of favor and use. In the 1990s feminists addressed the binary logic of "difference" versus "equality" and moved on from it, notably with postmodern and/or deconstructionist approaches that either dismantled or did not depend on that dichotomy.[2][3][4]

7. The idea of Middle America as understood by William Jennings Bryan  Domestically Bryan thought the United States could be a unified monolithic community. Internationally he thought America still dominated her hemisphere and could, by sheer energy and purity of commitment, re-order the world. Bryan failed to understand that his vision of the American national was unrealizable. The America he believed in was totally vulnerable to domestic intolerance and international arrogance. 8. The association between Coca-Cola and Calvinism 9. Prohibition and the illustration of important principles in American history  Temperance advocates did not always emphasize prohibiting the consumption of alcohol. But by the late 19th century, they did. The prohibition movement achieved initial successes at the local and state levels. It was most successful in rural southern and western states, and less successful in more urban states. By the early 20th century, prohibition was a national movement. 

Prohibition exhibited many of the characteristics of most progressive reforms. That is, it was concerned with the moral fabric of society; it was supported primarily by the middle classes; and it was aimed at controlling the "interests" (liquor distillers) and their connections with venal and corrupt politicians in city, state, and national governments. Still, it was not until U.S. entry into the Great War that prohibitionists were able to secure enactment of national legislation. In 1918, Congress passed the 18th Amendment to the Constitition, prohibiting the manufacture, transportation, and sale of alcoholic beverages. States ratified the Amendment the next year.

Herbert Hoover called prohibition a "noble experiment," but the effort to regulate people's behavior soon ran into trouble. Enforcement of prohibition became very difficult. Soon, such terms as "bootlegger," "bath tub gin," and "speakeasy" became household words. Gangs of hoodlums became more powerful as they trafficked in alcohol. By the 1930s, a majority of Americans had tired of the noble experiment, and the 18th Amendment was repealed. 10. Coolidge Prosperity  The prosperity of the Coolidge years led to a renewed emphasis on the notion of "thrift." Always associated with self-restraint, moderation, and frugality, thrift now came to acquire the meaning of "wise spending." Government and business supported this trend and a number of consumer organizations worked to inform the public about the virtues of thrifty spending. 11. Tennessee Valley Authority  The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) is a federally owned corporation in the United States created by congressional charter on May 18, 1933, to provide navigation, flood control, electricity generation, fertilizer manufacturing, and economic development to the Tennessee Valley, a region particularly affected by the Great Depression. The enterprise was a result of the efforts of Senator George W. Norris of Nebraska. TVA was envisioned not only as a provider, but also as a regional economic development agency that would use federal experts and electricity to more quickly modernize the region's economy and society. 12. Judiciary Reorganization Bill 

a legislative initiative proposed by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt to add more justices to the U.S. Supreme Court. Roosevelt's purpose was to obtain favorable rulings regarding New Deal legislation that the court had ruled unconstitutional.[3] The central provision of the bill would have granted the President power to appoint an additional Justice to the U.S. Supreme Court, up to a maximum of six, for every member of the court over the age of 70 years and 6 months. 13. The 1922 Washington Conference  Between 1921 and 1922, the world’s largest naval powers gathered in Washington, D.C. for a conference to discuss naval disarmament and ways to relieve growing tensions in East Asia. 

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In the wake of World War I, leaders in the international community sought to prevent the possibility of another war. Rising Japanese militarism and an international arms race heightened these concerns. As a result, policymakers worked to reduce the rising threat. Senator William E. Borah (R–Idaho) led a congressional effort to demand that the United States engage its two principal competitors in the naval arms race, Japan and the United Kingdom, in negotiations for disarmament.

14. Operation Overlord  "Overlord" was the name assigned to the establishment of a large-scale lodgement on the Continent.[46] The first phase, the amphibious invasion and establishment of a secure foothold, was code-named Operation Neptune.[41] To gain the required air superiority needed to ensure a successful invasion, the Allies launched a bombing campaign (codenamed Operation Pointblank) to target German aircraft-production, fuel supplies, and airfields. Under the Transport Plan, communications infrastructure and road and rail links were bombed to cut off the north of France and to make it more difficult to bring up reinforcements. These attacks were widespread so as to avoid revealing the exact location of the invasion.[41] Elaborate deceptions were planned to prevent the Germans from determining the timing and location of the invasion.[47] 15. Manhattan Project  The Manhattan Project was a research and development undertaking during World War II that produced the first nuclear weapons. 16. Marshall Plan  The Marshall Plan (officially the European Recovery Program, ERP) was an American initiative passed in 1948 to aid Western Europe, in which the United States gave over $12 billion (nearly $100 billion in 2018 US dollars) in economic assistance to help rebuild Western European economies after the end of World War II.  not only facilitated European economic integration but promoted the idea of shared interests and cooperation between the United States and Europe. Soviet refusal either to participate in the Marshall Plan or to allow its satellite states in Eastern Europe to accept the economic assistance helped to reinforce the growing division between east and west in Europe. 17. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)  The North Atlantic Treaty Organization was created in 1949 by the United States, Canada, and several Western European nations to provide collective security against the Soviet Union.

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NATO was the first peacetime military alliance the United States entered into outside of the Western Hemisphere. After the destruction of the Second World War, the nations of Europe struggled to rebuild their economies and ensure their security. The former required a massive influx of aid to help the war-torn landscapes re-establish industries and produce food, and the latter required assurances against a resurgent Germany or incursions from the Soviet Union. The United States viewed an economically strong, rearmed, and integrated Europe as vital to the prevention of communist expansion across the continent. As a result, Secretary of State George Marshall proposed a program of large-scale economic aid to Europe.

Terms from The Forgotten Man As the a recession taking place between 1923 began to take place, many people were losing their jobs and struggling businesses began cutting wages, however, the county was able to bounce back fast. Calvin Coolidge and Herbert Hoover had many difference in terms of political reputation, personalities, and ideas, exaggerating the differences by making Coolidge seem more demure and silent while Hoover fiery and passionate. Adding to Hoover's reputation was his assistance and help during the flood of 1927 in the Mississippi, therefore building up his reputation. Their different personality and backgrounds, political achievement both nationally and internationally, and differing views of their approach to politics place them at odds with each other and eventually leading for more political opportunities for Hoover. Occurring this time was the introduction of electricity, via Thomas Edison into society, revolutionizing industry and standard of living and giving birth to new ideas for engineers and other people. Also during this time was the massive amount of immigration into the US, diversify the economy, social classes,and allowing immigrants to become symbols of success as a result of the American Dream. On July 1927 the steamship President Roosevelt left the ports of New York for England. Aboard the ship were Professor R.G Tugwell, Brebner, Stuart Chase, Schlink, and others. Meeting up with another man in England, Paul Douglass, the men were on their way to the Soviet Union. Once they arrived there they met Stalin, who wanted to negotiated terms with them, asking for aid to help the dire state that the soviet economy was in. The men saw the various projects that the Soviets were building and received tours of the "Bolshevik paradise". Eventually they met Stalin and conversed about the ethnic diversity of this country and communism. After coming back from the Soviet union the labor advocates raced each others to write volumes about the trip which provided a unique experience for them and provided a unique insight about communism and Stalin. A couple of years later in 1929, Stalin started a reign of terror and set up concentration camps later known as Gulag, where Russian workers were sent. The stock market crashed on Tuesday October 1929 due to inconsistent fluctuations in the market and over speculation. At the moment, it was not a concern to most politicians such as Paul Douglas, who was preoccupied in a municipal battle, Andrew Mellon, and Samuel Crowther. It was regarded as "paper losses" and believed that the economy would recover in a timely fashion. It was people such as Tugwell who

noted the crash and foreshadowed the future problem born from this incident. As the economy worsened and employment rates soared, as well as inflation which caused a problem in trading because it hindered international trade with Europe worsening the economy. Leaning towards the gold standard to fix the inflation problem and pull them out of the depression, citizens began looking towards President Hoover for help. He attempted so by proposing not to stop public works, but proposing new wage ideas of sustaining employment and wages requiring that companies to take the hit in profits instead of employment. He urged congress to endorse in public spending. Hoover also worked to improve farm prices to help support his idea of tariffs to support domestic economy, however the tariffs provided to be toxic to the general economy and deprived foreign governments of trade, hurting other nations and employees. Failure of the idea of tariff plummeted the US further into the depression and caused criticism on Hoover's part. Hoover then passed the flexible tariff hoping that it would fix the economy and unemployment rate despite what the republicans and economist warned him about. Congress eventually granted Hoover his tariff. The tariff did not allow countries that were indebted to the US to pay back their loans, which would have provide useful to the Great Depression. Roosevelt, running for re-election during this time criticized Hoover that he had failed to expand public spending sufficiently and insisted that inflation was the problem, which was a point Hoover failed to address properly. Roosevelt won the election against Tuttle in 1932 shifting favor of the house and senate to the democrats. The closing and failure of the Bank of United States affected many immigrants who invested their money in the bank. The caused more banks in the area to close, causing more people to lose their money. As the reality of the Great Depression began to set in, many Americans, to escape the reality began to improvise and avoid the problem. Pretending as if nothing had happened, they improvised and went on with their daily lives before realizing that they could no longer continue that. Since deflation, one of the major contributors to the Great Depression, caused the american currency to become more valuable, it caused the currency to become more scarce, making paying for bill, rent and, and mortgage to become harder.This especially affected the wage workers and the businessmen who made up majority of the population as well as blacks in the north, and veterans of world war one who were promised grants as reward for their service. This in turn caused people to abandon the currency and turn to a new form of economy, bartering. Still unhappy with the deflated currency and the slow response of the federal government and the banks, a new organization called the NDA formed and created a new form of currency, the vallar. States in turn began to generate and adopt new forms of currency such as scripts and etc in an attempt to replace a value on the deflated currency, giving it the value that they desired. The government, in an attempt to bring about order to the mayhem began looking for scapegoats such as Mellon and Insull to blame for the failure of the economy. The president along with his advisors, introduced the New Deal in hopes that it would ameliorate the situation of the depression and used the power of mass media, during this time the radio, to organize his action to the citizens and bring about supporters, relieving the anxieties of the people. Roosevelt being elected into Office, allowed him to finally experiment on economics and give the people what they desperately wanted; change in the situation of

the great depression. As a result, Roosevelt brought down the gold standard, which he was against and enforced that by making citizens cash in their gold for paper currency, collecting the gold and thus weakening the gold standard. Silver during this time was more plentiful and many people began to advocate for the idea of adding silver to the gold standard making proposing a bimetallic system. The plan proving unfruitful and receiving much criticism, he eventually reenacted the gold standard. Roosevelt wanted to buy gold to force up the price and control depletion despite the criticism of his adviser like Morgenthau. In the following months Roosevelt also experimented with Agriculture. The dam projects that Roosevelt was funding provided him with the kind of utopia that he and nation sought, therefore giving him the kind of inspiration he would need to spur on more projects. The dams provided new sources of cheaper and more efficient power source. The TVA was created and put in charge of it was Morgan, Lilienthal and another Harcourt. This project utilized the land the surrounding a certain river in Tennessee and provided thousands of jobs to families in desperate need of them. Under the construction of the dam, new settlements and beginnings of towns began to spring up as living spaces for workers as well as libraries and etc were provided for their use and their families. The electricity produced from the dam provided rates of energy and prices of energy at a more cheaper rate than provided in NYC and Chicago. As the TVA began growing momentum, Morgan and the growing face of the company Lilienthal, began wrestling each other for power over the company. Lilienthal, growing more ambitious oversaw projects like making fertilizer to increase the production of agriculture to gain more favor. Morgan, using a more political approach talked about plans to supply cities that lacked electricity, electricity at a reasonable price also gaining favor. The TVA proved to be a success and help raise the standard of living. The Roosevelt administration looking for scapegoats for the causes of the Depression prosecuted people such as Andrew Mellon, Sam Insull whose failure affected million of shareholders, and the Schechter Brothers for violating NRA codes for distributing unfit poultry to customers. The Roosevelt administration knew how difficult it was going to be to prosecute them knowing that they were well respected in their hometowns and had much political influence in their cities, however,they still found evidence and proof to do so. Insull, already foreshadowing the outcome of the prosecution fled to Greece where he evaded the Greek authorities when the American government asked for Insull and embarrassed themselves when Insull slipped past Greek security and escaped on a Ship to Egypt. Eventually, the American Government was able to track down the ship with the aid of many countries and captured Insull for Prosecution. In the end, Insull was determined not guilty proving how difficult it was to send a rich and powerful man to jail versus sending a wage worker who had very little influence. Mellon on the other had, turned himself in and later left his job to become an emissary for another powerful political figure and dedicated the remainder of his life to collecting and admiring artwork. Meanwhile the Schechter brothers were prosecuted on the Sick Chicken Case for selling unfit chicken to customers and were found to be break 60 violations of the NRA. Meanwhile, Roosevelt was dedicating himself to executing the New Deal plan and having fireside chats to sell and assuage american citizens. In the Schechter brothers were first generation Jewish immigrants who originally supported the New Deal and made their living by selling poultry and keeping a

kosher butcher business. They were convicted of selling unfit chicken meat to customers. Finding the NRA to be unjust, they; the Chicken, decided that they would fight for their case, against the government; the eagle. The Court sided with the Schechter ...