Hist of Civil Engineering and Architecture PDF

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Civil Engineering and Architecture 1. Define the following words: Load Bearing wall: A load-bearing wall or bearing wall is a wall that is an active structural element of a building

Voussoir: A voussoir is a wedge-shaped element, typically a stone, which is used in building an arch or vault.

Aesthetics: Aesthetics is a core design principle that defines a design's pleasing qualities.

Keystone: A keystone is the wedge-shaped stone at the apex of a masonry arch or typically round-shaped one at the apex of a vault

Lintel: A lintel is a structural horizontal block that spans the space or opening between two vertical supports Façade:A façade is generally the front part of exterior of a building

Dome: A dome is an architectural element similar to the hollow upper half of a sphere Arch: An arch is a vertical curved structure that spans an elevated space and may or may not support the weight above it

2. (4 pts) List the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World? When and where were each built? (2 pts) Why do you think they are considered wonders? Great Pyramid of Giza was built in Egypt Hanging Gardens of Babylon was built in Iraq Temple of Artemis at Ephesus was built in turkey Statue of Zeus at Olympia was built in Greece Mausoleum at Halicarnassus was built in Halicarnassus Lighthouse of Alexandria was built in Egypt Colossus of Rhodes was built in Turkey I think they are considerd wonders because of the story’s they tell and the details they had, and it’s just really hard to see something like the seven Wonders in our time 3.

(4 pts) Retrieve http://futuresinengineering.org/what.php?id=5 answer the questions: a.

Name 5 things that civil engineers design Airports, dams, sewage, roads, reservoirs

b.

Name two roman engineering feats The Romans were the first to build roads throughout their empire. The Romans built a functional aqueduct.

c.

What are the first two branches of engineering? Military and civil

d.

Look at History page. Explain the role of a civil engineer. A civil engineer is some who is trained in the design and construction of public work, for example like Bridges and dams, etc.

e. Look at the Types of Engineers page. List 5 types within civil engineering today. List what each does. Construction and Management Engineering is about creating things like bridges, buildings, roads, and railways Geotechnical Engineering field deal with structures such as tunnels, bridges, roads, railways and more. Structural Engineering Analyze and design the construction of bridges, towers, buildings, dams and more

4. (4 pts) Retrieve http://www.yr-architecture.com/what-does-an-architect-do/ and answer the questions: Scroll to the heading ‘The Big Picture’. What does an architect do? There are four typical tasks done by architects: pre-design, design, approvals & permits, construction observation a. Using 2-3 sentences, explain the first two Design tasks. The first 2 design task are tasks where Architects deign spaces and environments that function well, and they also make sure everything is appropriately sized, and they integrate all the different mechanical, electrical, plumbing, and lighting systems into a holistic design. b. Using 2-3 sentences, explain the reason for approvals & permits task. The reason for approvals and permits is so, that nothing goes wrong when the building is being built, also for the safety of the people and to make sure the building is suitable for the area it is being built. 5.

List the major difference between a civil engineer and an architect. Architect deign building and make sure everything is placed out correctly and make sure the building looks nice, and civil engineers supervise the entire design to completion process foe building, roads, Dams, bridges, and water systems.

6.

In ancient times how were building materials chosen? In ancient times Building materials were chosen based on availability and climate. Define vernacular architecture. (Give two examples Including at least one from Nevada) Vernacular architecture is building done outside any academic tradition, and without professional guidance. 1,OLD LAS VEGAS MORMON FORT HISTORIC PARK. 2, LITTLE CHURCH OF THE WEST

7.

What was the main purpose of the Egyptian pyramids? Mexican pyramids? Pyramids were built for religion purpose

8.

Give an example of a modern pyramid in the western United States. How does its function differ from that of the ancient pyramids? What do you think accounts for this difference? Luxor Hotel & Casino, this Pyramid function way different then the ancient Pyramids, this function as a amusement, and it wasn’t made for religion purpose.

9.

(2 pts) What kind of construction method was used to build the Parthenon? List the name plus make or find a simple sketch to illustrate. The Parthenon was constructed using a form of a Post and Lintel system, with the columns bearing the weight of the roof

10.

What problem in architecture led to this form of construction? Older systems were not able to support heavier and bigger items (roofs).

11.

(2 pts) Explain how an arch is created. Make or find a simple sketch to illustrate. (Note: hand label two terms from the vocabulary words above in your sketch) Arches are created when blocks are placed in a curved formation in a way that they all provide support for each other.

Voussoir: A voussoir is a wedge-shaped element, typically a stone, which is used in building an arch or vault Keystone: is the wedge-shaped stone at the apex of a masonry arch or typically roundshaped one at the apex of a vault. 12.

How is the vault used in civil engineering? The vault can be used effectively for, among other things, strong hallways a. Give an example from medieval times. An example of a vault from the medieval times would be a ribbed vaulting b. List a common use today Vault are used in the garden, barrel vaulted latticework provides a beautiful framework for growing vines, they are also used

13.

(2 pts) What two architectural components were used in the Pantheon? Make or find a simple sketch to illustrate The architectural components used in the Pantheon was bricks and concrete

Frieze: the frieze is the wide central section part of an entablature 14.

(2 pts) Using diagram below compare and contrast ancient cement to present-day cement. Cement

Ancient Cement • •

Used lime Used a mix of volcanic ash

Same

Present Day Cement

Both of used the some sort of ash and clay

• • • • •

silica sand Limestone Clay Chalk etc

16.

How did the absence of reinforced concrete restrict construction in ancient times? They started creating better road, so more people started using them.

17.

(2 pts) Using the diagram below, compare and contrast ancient Greek roads to ancient Roman roads. Ancient Roads

Greek Roads

Same

Roman Roads

Ancient Greek roads were dirt and were muddy in the winter and made to be used to transport goods.

Both of them used some Ancient Roman roads were sort of mud expertly made of stones, broken stones mixed with cement and sand, cement mixed with broken tiles and used primarily to transport troops.

18. What is the main purpose of modern roads? How is the cost of modern roadways defrayed (hint: April 15)? The main purpose of modern roads is so that people can get from one place to another as quickly and as organized as possible. The cost of roadways is funded through the taxes that the citizens pay....