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EEUU HISTORY FIRST ASSIGMENT: ‘A MODEL OF CHRISTIAN CHARITY’ Framing Question What did John Winthrop mean when, in his sermon “A Model of Christian Charity,” he told his Puritan followers that their colony would be “as a city upon a hill”? Understanding In telling his followers that their colony would be “as a city upon a hill,” Puritan leader John Winthrop was warning them about the cost of failure. When you say something is a "city on a hill" it means that it is out there in plain view for everyone to see. The reason that that matters is because that thing in plain view will be an example to everyone else about how they should live. So when politicians say that the US is a city on a hill they are saying that we are an example of how other people should be. That goes back to the days of the Puritans. They thought their society should be a city on a hill to show everyone else how to live in the way that God wanted. We don't always mean it in a religious sense anymore. Now it can just be an example of how to have a good government or something like that. Text John Winthrop, “A Model of Christian Charity,” 1630 (excerpt) Background We probably would not be studying John Winthrop’s sermon “A Model of Christian Charity” right now were it not for a particular image found it in, the image of “a city upon a hill.” It comes from the Bible, Matthew 5:14–15. Ye are the light of the world. A city that is set on a hill cannot be hid. Neither do men light a candle, and put it under a bushel, but on a candlestick; nor does it give light unto all that are in the house. That evocative image, resonating through American history, has been used by leaders as different as John Kennedy and Ronald Reagan to express America’s sense of itself as a special place, an example for all the world. But what did Winthrop mean when he used it in 1630? And how did his listeners interpret it? It is impossible to answer that second question because, as widely published and commented upon as the sermon is today, no one recorded having heard it delivered.2 Nonetheless, scholarship suggests that its audience would not have found anything exceptional in it. Its theme of Christian charity and even the “city upon a hill” image were common in sermons of the day.3 What makes it noteworthy is the context of its delivery. Winthrop preached it either in the port of Southampton before the Puritans set sail for New England or during the passage aboard the Arabella, the flagship of the Puritan fleet; no one knows for sure.4 with it he intended to prepare the migrants for what they would encounter in the wilds of Massachusetts. In that sense it can be read not only as a sermon but also as a pep talk and a survival guide. Its sermonic qualities are easy to see. Winthrop explains the ways of God to his flock. He instructs them on how to live. He urges them to lead moral lives and tell them what will happen to them if they do not. Throughout he supports his points by quoting Scriptural passages and telling Bible stories. But Winthrop’s listeners were taking great risks. They were leaving their homes to establish their lives anew in a foreign, unknown, uncivilized place. They needed to be assured that their risks would pay off. So Winthrop’s sermon is part pep talk in which he tells his listeners that better times lie ahead. Our goal, he reminds them, is “to improve our lives to do more service to the Lord; [to insure] the comfort and increase of the body of Christ… [so] that ourselves and our posterity may be better preserved from the common corruption of this evil world.” He paints a vision of success in which the colony becomes a model for those who would follow to the New World. How will these goals be achieved? Answering that question, Winthrop again turns the Bible (Micah 6:8), and his sermon becomes a survival guide. “Now the only way to… provide for our posterity, is… to do justly, to love mercy, to walk humbly with our God. For this end, we must be knit together, in this work, as one man.” The key to survival, he asserts, is unity in Christian love. Unity was much on Winthrop’s mind. Even though we might think of the Puritans as a homogeneous group, they were actually quite diverse, not in the ways we use that term today but in their theological beliefs and in the ways they experienced and expressed their faith. All embraced God’s love, for example, but in some that bred humility, in others arrogance. All were members of the Church of England.

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EEUU HISTORY Some wanted to reform its rituals and teachings; others wanted to overthrow them completely. As one scholar has written, “Puritans disagreed on a whole host of matters… from the celebration of Christmas to the forms of burial.”5 If unity was much on Winthrop’s mind, so, too, was failure. He knew that the differences among his followers could tear the colony apart. Failure would signify that the Puritans had no “covenant” with God, that God had not given them a special “commission,” in short, that they had not been chosen to establish God’s kingdom in America. Many back home saw the Puritans as either blasphemous fanatics or deserters in the battle to reform the Church of England in England. Failure would vindicate those enemies and forever shame Winthrop and his followers. When he rose to preach, failure was much on his mind. Activity: Vocabulary Learn definitions by exploring how words are used in context. Now the only way to avoid this shipwreck and to provide for our posterity (children) is to follow the council (advice) of Micah, to do justly, to love mercy, to walk humbly with our God. We must entertain (attend to) each other in brotherly affection, we must be willing to abridge (deprive) ourselves of our superfluities (unnecessary things) for the supply of others’ necessities. We must uphold a familiar commerce (social interactions) together in all meekness (humility), gentleness, patience, and liberality (generosity) We must rejoice (celebrate) together always having before our eyes our commission (purpose)… The Lord will be our God and delight in all our ways, so that we shall see much more of His wisdom, power, goodness, an truth than formerly (in the pas) we have been acquainted( familiar) with. We shall find that the God of Israel is among us… When…Men shall say of succeeding (following) plantations (settlements, The Lord make it like that of New England. If we shall deal falsely with our God in this work we have undertaken… we shall be made a story and by-word (example) throughout the world. Contextualizing Questions 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

What kind of text are we dealing with? When was it written Who wrote it? For what audience was it intended? For what purpose was it written? The “City upon a Hill” section of the sermon called “A Model of Christian Charity” was written in 1630 by the Puritan leader John Winthrop while the first group of Puritan emigrants was still onboard their ship, the Arbella, waiting to disembark and create their first settlement in what would become New England. The “City” section of this sermon was pulled out by later readers as a crystallization of the Puritan mission in the New World.

Text Analysis Excerpt from “A Model of Christian Charity” [1] Now the only way to avoid this shipwreck and to provide for our posterity is to follow the counsel of Micah, to do justly, to love mercy, to walk humbly with our God. [2] For this end we must be knit together in this work as one man. [3] We must entertain each other in brotherly affection; we must be willing to abridge ourselves of our superfluities for the supply of others’ necessities. [4] We must uphold a familiar commerce together in all meekness, gentleness, patience, and liberality. [5] We must delight in each other, make others’ conditions our own, rejoice together, mourn together, labor and suffer together, always having before our eyes our commission and community in the work, our community as members of the same body. [6] So shall we keep the unity of the spirit in the bond of peace. [7] The Lord will be our God and delight in all our ways, so that we shall see much more of His wisdom, power, goodness, and truth than formerly we have been acquainted with. [8] We shall find that the God of Israel is among us, when ten of us shall be able to resist a thousand of our enemies, when He shall make us a praise

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EEUU HISTORY and glory, that men shall say of succeeding plantations, “the Lord make it like that of New England.” [9] For we must consider that we shall be as a city upon a hill. [10] The eyes of all people are upon us, so that if we shall deal falsely with our God in this work we have undertaken, and so cause Him to withdraw His present help from us, we shall be made a story and by-word throughout the world. [11] We shall open the mouths of enemies to speak evil of the ways of God and all professors for God’s sake. [12] We shall shame the faces of many of God’s worthy servants, and cause their prayers to be turned into curses upon us till we be consumed out of the good land whither we are going.

Activity: Close Reading In the paragraph we are studying, John Winthrop sketches two potential futures for his colony and expresses his worry about how people will judge the Puritans’ venture in New England. Analyze this excerpt through a series of summaries and close reading questions. If we work together, making others things our things, working as a community…then our colony will be seen as a city upon a hill. If we can unite in loving care for one another… then our colony will be as praise and a glory, an example for settlers who come after us, for succeeding plantations. If we deal falsely with God and thereby cause Him to turn away from us… then our colony will been seen throughout the world as the very example of spiritual failure.

Glossary               

Posterity: children Counsel: advice Entertain: attend to Abridge: deprive Superfluities: unnecessary Things commerce: social interactions Meekness: humility Liberality: generosity Rejoice: celebrate Commission: purpose Formerly: in the past Acquainted: familiar Succeeding: following Plantations: colony, settlement By-word: example

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EEUU HISTORY PRE-COLONIAL AMERICA The pre-Columbian era incorporates all period subdivisions in the history and prehistory of the Americas before the appearance of significant European influences on the American continents. While the phrase "pre-Columbian era" literally refers only to the time preceding Christopher Columbus's voyages of 1492, in practice the phrase usually is used to denote the entire history of indigenous America cultures until those cultures were significantly influenced by Europeans, even if this happened decades or centuries after Columbus's first landing.  

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Many pre-Columbian civilizations established hallmarks which included permanent settlements, cities, agriculture, civic and monumental architecture, major earthworks, and complex societal hierarchies. Early Paleo-Indians soon spread throughout the Americas, diversifying into many hundreds of culturally distinct tribes. Paleo-Indian adaptation across North America was likely characterized by small, highly mobile bands consisting of approximately 20 to 50 members of an extended family. These groups moved from place to place as preferred resources were depleted. Paleo-Indian groups were efficient hunters and carried a variety of tools. These included highly efficient projectile points/knives, as well as less distinctive implements. Eastern Woodland Culture refers to the way of life of indigenous peoples in the eastern part of North America between 1000 BCE and 1000 CE. This time period is widely regarded as a developmental period for the people of this region, as they steadily advanced in their means of cultivation, tools and textile manufacture, and use of pottery. While the increasing use of agriculture meant the nomadic nature of many groups was supplanted by permanent villages, intensive agriculture did not become the norm for most cultures until the succeeding Mississippian period. The Early Woodland period differed from the archaic period in the appearance of permanent settlements, elaborate burial practices, intensive collection and horticulture of starchy seed plants, differentiation in social organization and specialized activities. Researchers assume a common body of religious practice and cultural interaction existed throughout the entire region (referred to as the "Hopewellian Interaction Sphere"

Exercise 1: List of differences between North and Eastern Woodlands. Similarities: Some activities as fishing, hunting, sedentary society, with stable village, tribes… Similar hierarchy, they stablish connection, with other tribes, and the way to preserve food. Differences: were able to speak several languages to communicate and a new form of agriculture

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EEUU HISTORY COLONIAL AMERICA The first English settlers in America came to work for the private company’s which had granted trading characters by the English Crown, such as the Virginia Company of London which founded Virginia in 1607. These first colonists consisted mainly of the landless, the unemployed and those in search of religious freedom. The most famous of these settlers were the ‘Pilgrim Fathers’ who set sail on the Mayflower in 1620 and landed at Cape Cod in New England. As the following contemporary passage shows, the colonist fails to recognize the existing civilizations of America and instead regarded the natives as ‘barbarians’ When the colonialist arrived, there found a desolate wilderness, full of wild beasts and wild men, they were tired and injured, but they didn’t received hospitality, or entertainment, or anything. It was winter, and after crossing the vast and dangerous ocean, it would be a difficult a very season. Exercise 2: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

How did the Pilgrim Fathers feel when they arrived in America? They felt happiness because they were alive before cross the vast ocean. What did they immediately miss? The hospitality, have not friends, no family… Were the native America hospitality? No, they didn’t found anyone who helped them, and their weather-beaten bodies. What time of the year was it when they arrived? I t was winter Why were the winters particularly dangerous to the settlers? Because there was a lot of violent storms.

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EEUU HISTORY AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE th

By the end of the 18 century, the whole of the Eastern coast of North America had been colonized, largely by the British. The guide principle for these colonies was the widely-held mercantilist view that they should supply the mother country with raw materials and not compete in manufacturing. When Britain asked the colonists to contribute towards the cost of maintaining the British army through centrally-aided taxes, there was serious opposition to this ‘taxation without representation’ ( the British parliament din not contain any American-elected members) After the taxes was been repealed, there was relative peace everywhere except Boston, but when Parliament exempted the tea of nearly bankrupt British Est India Company from import duties, numerous merchants throughout the colonies were threatened with bankruptcy, and colonial opinion united against the British. So, when the first cargoes of this tea arrived in Boston harbor, the American Patriots boarded the three ships on the night of 16 December 1733 and threw the tea into the sea, it is the famous Boston Tea Party. Parliament reacted to this ‘act of vandalism’ by closing Boston harbor. Representatives from every colony except Georgia met in Philadelphia in September 1774 and replied by imposing a trade embargo on Britain. As war became inevitable, the colonist met for a second time in Philadelphia in May 1776 and made Gorge Washington their commander in-chief. The formal Declaration of Independence was made on 4 July 1776, including the famous declaration ‘that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by Creator with certain unalienable rights that among these are: Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. The American War of Independence lasted over six years. The French entered the war, providing decisive military and economic assistance, after the American victory in the Battle of Saratoga in October 1777. The fighting ended when Washington, aided by the French army and navy, surrounded the British forces at Yorktown in October 1781. The peace settlement signed two years later recognized the independence, freedom and sovereignty. Exercise 3: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

What decision by the British Parliament helped the cause of American independence, and how? Mercantilism What was the Boston Tea Party? It was a rebellion of the American Patriots that boarded the ships with tea and threw it to the sea. What did representatives of American colonies decide to do at their first meeting in Philadelphia? A trade embargo on Britain What happened at the second meeting? They made George Washington their commander-chief. Why was the Battle of Saratoga the turning point in the war? Because it was the American victory against France.

Exercise 4: Put in their correct order: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

The Boston Tea Party The colonist first meeting in Philadelphia The Declaration of independence The Battle of Saratoga The battle of Yorktown

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EEUU HISTORY EIGHT ASSIGMENT Excerpt on Pocahontas’s pleading to free John Smith.

“At last they brought him to Werowocomoco, where was Powhatan, their emperor. Here more than two hundred of those grim courtiers stood wondering at him, as he had been a monster; till Powhatan and his train had put themselves in their greatest braveries. Before a fire upon a seat like a bedstead, he sat covered with a great robe, made of raccoon skins, and all the tails hanging by. On either hand did sit a young wench of sixteen or eighteen years, and along on each side the house, two rows of men, and behind them as many women, with all their heads and shoulders painted red, many of their heads bedecked with the white down of birds, but every one with something, and a great chain of white beads about their necks. At his entrance before the king, all the people gave a great shout. The queen of Appamatuck was appointed to bring him water to wash his hands, and another brought him a bunch of feathers, instead of a towel to dry them. Having feasted him after their best barbarous manner they could, a long consultation was held, but the conclusion was, two great stones were brought before Powhatan: then as many as could laid hands on him, dragged him to them, and thereon laid his head, and being ready with their clubs to beat out his brains, Pocahontas, the king's dearest daughter, when no entreaty could prevail, got his head in her arms, and laid her own upon his to save his from death: whereat the emperor was contented he should live to make him hatchets, and her bells, beads, and copper; for they thought him as well of all occupations as themselves. For the king himself will make his own robes, shoes, bows, arrows, pots; plant, hunt, or do anything so well as the rest.” (John Smith, The General Historie of Virginia. 1624)

1.- Take notice of the way in which Indians are described. Underline as many details in their portrayal as possible. Compare this description with Bradford’s portrait and comment on their differences. Are Indians presented as savages as in Bradford does in his account? Bradford description said that they were not kidness and they were will. The conditions were terrible and the colonists had to find a way to survive. Some of the men including William Bradford volunteered to explore the surrounding areas - an extremely dangerous task. In addition to his dealings with Powhatan, Captain John Smith encountered many other Indian tribes during his Chesapeake voyages. Most encounters were positive: “… they boldly demanded what we were, and what we would; but after many circumstances they seemed very kinde….” Others less so: “There was about an hundred nimble Indians skipping from tree to tree, letting fly their arrows so fast as ...