History and Overview of Tourism and Hospitality In PDF

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This is a guide for tourism and hospitality students. Which will give them an additional information and ideas of the chosen field....

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History and Overview of Tourism and Hospitality Industry Learning Objectives

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Specify the commonly understood definitions of tourism and tourist Classify tourism into distinct industry groups using North American Industry Classification Standards (NAICS) Define hospitality Gain knowledge about the origins of the tourism industry Provide an overview of the economic, social, and environmental impacts of tourism worldwide Understand the history of tourism development

What Is Tourism? Before engaging in a study of tourism, let’s have a closer look at what this term means.

Definition of Tourism There are a number of ways tourism can be defined, and for this reason, the UnitedNationsWorldTourism Organization (UNWTO) embarked on a project from 2005 to 2007 to create a common glossary of terms for tourism. It defines tourism as follows: Tourism is a social, cultural and economic phenomenon which entails the movement of people to countries or places outside their usual environment for personal or business/professional purposes. These people are called visitors (which may be either tourists or

excursionists; residents or non-residents) and tourism has to do with their activities, some of which imply tourism expenditure (United Nations World Tourism Organization, 2008). Using this definition, we can see that tourism is the movement of people for a number of purposes (whether business or pleasure). Definition of Tourist Building on the definition of tourism, a commonly accepted description of a touristis “someone who travels at least 80 km from his or her home for at least 24 hours, for business or leisure or other reasons” (LinkBC, 2008, p.8). The United Nations World Tourism Organization (1995) helps us break down this definition further by stating tourists can be: 1.

Domestic (residents of a given country travelling only within that country)

2.

Inbound (non-residents travelling in a given country)

3.

Outbound (residents of one country travelling in another country) The scope of tourism, therefore, is broad and encompasses a number of activities. SpotlightOn:UnitedNationsWorldTourismOrganization(UNWTO) UNWTO is the United Nations agency responsible “for the promotion of responsible, sustainable and universally accessible tourism” (UNWTO, 2014b). Its membership includes 156 countries and over 400 affiliates such as private companies and non-governmental organizations. It promotes tourism as a way of developing communities while encouraging ethical behaviour to mitigate negative impacts. For more information, visit the UNWTO website: http://www2.unwto.org/.

NAICS: The North American Industry Classification System

Given the sheer size of the tourism industry, it can be helpful to break it down into broad industry groups using a common classification system. The NorthAmericanIndustryClassificationSystem(NAICS) was jointly created by the Canadian, US, and Mexican

governments to ensure common analysis across all three countries (British Columbia Ministry of Jobs, Tourism and Skills Training, 2013a). The tourism-related groupings created using NAICS are (in alphabetical order): 1. 2.

Accommodation

Food and beverage services (commonly known as “F & B”) 3.

Recreation and entertainment 4. 5.

Transportation Travel services

These industry groups are based on the similarity of the “labour processes and inputs” used for each (Government of Canada, 2013). For instance, the types of employees and resources required to run an accommodation business — whether it be a hotel, motel, or even a campground — are quite similar. All these businesses need staff to check in guests, provide housekeeping, employ maintenance workers, and provide a place for people to sleep. As such, they can be grouped together under the heading of accommodation. The same is true of the other four groupings, and the rest of this text explores these industry groups, and other aspects of tourism, in more detail. The Hospitality Industry When looking at tourism it’s important to consider the term hospitality. Some define hospitality as “the business of helping people to feel welcome and relaxed and to enjoy themselves” (Discover Hospitality, 2015, ¶ 3). Simply put, the hospitalityindustry is the combination of the accommodation and food and beverage groupings, collectively making up the largest segment of the industry. Before we seek to understand the five industry groupings in more detail, it’s important to have an overview of the history and impacts of tourism to date. Figure 1.1 Welcoming storefronts in Nelson

Global Overview Origins of Tourism Travel for leisure purposes has evolved from an experience reserved for very few people into something enjoyed by many. Historically, the ability to travel was reserved for royalty and the upper classes. From ancient Roman times through to the 17th century, young men of high standing were encouraged to travel through Europe on a “grand tour” (Chaney, 2000). Through the Middle Ages, many societies encouraged the practice of religious pilgrimage, as reflected in Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales and other literature. The word hospitality predates the use of the word tourism, and first appeared in the 14th century. It is derived from the Latin hospes, which encompasses the words guest, host, and foreigner (Latdict, 2014). The word tourist appeared in print much later, in 1772 (Griffiths and Griffiths, 1772). William Theobald suggests that the word tour comes from Greek and Latin words for circle and turn, and that tourism and tourist represent the activities of circling away from home, and then returning (Theobald, 1998). Tourism Becomes Business Cox&Kings, the first known travel agency, was founded in 1758 when Richard Cox became official travel agent of the British Royal Armed Forces (Cox & Kings, 2014). Almost 100 years later, in June 1841, Thomas Cook opened the first leisure travel agency, designed to help Britons improve their lives by seeing the world and participating in the temperance movement. In 1845, he ran his first commercial packaged tour, complete with cost-effective railway tickets and a printed guide (Thomas Cook, 2014). The continued popularity of rail travel and the emergence of the automobile presented additional milestones in the development of tourism. In fact, a long journey taken by Karl Benz’s wife in 1886 served to kick off interest in auto travel and helped to publicize his budding car company, which would one day become Mercedes Benz (Auer, 2006). We take a closer look at the importance of car travel later this chapter, and of transportation to the tourism industry in Chapter 2. Fast forward to 1952 with the first commercial air flights from London, England, to Johannesburg, South Africa, and Colombo, Sri Lanka (Flightglobal, 2002) and the dawn of the jet age, which many herald as the start of the modern tourism industry. The 1950s also saw the creation of Club Méditérannée (Gyr, 2010) and similar club holiday destinations, the precursor of today’s all-inclusive resorts.

The decade that followed is considered to have been a significant period in tourism development, as more travel companies came onto the scene, increasing competition for customers and moving toward “mass tourism, introducing new destinations and modes of holidaying” (Gyr, 2010, p. 32). Industry growth has been interrupted at several key points in history, including World War I, the Great Depression, and World War II. At the start of this century, global events thrust international travel into decline including the September 11, 2001, attack on the World Trade Center in New York City (known as 9/11), the war in Iraq, perceived threat of future terrorist attacks, and health scares including SARS, BSE (bovine spongiform encephalopathy), and West Nile virus (Government of Canada, 2006). At the same time, the industry began a massive technological shift as increased internet use revolutionized travel services. Through the 2000s, online travel bookings grew exponentially, and by 2014 global leader Expedia had expanded to include brands such as Hotels.com, the Hotwire Group, trivago, and Expedia CruiseShip Centers, earning revenues of over $4.7 million (Expedia Inc., 2013). A more in-depth exploration of the impact of the online marketplace, and other trends in global tourism, is provided in Chapter 14. But as you can already see, the impacts of the global tourism industry today are impressive and far reaching. Let’s have a closer look at some of these outcomes.

Tourism Impacts Tourism impacts can be grouped into three main categories: economic, social, and environmental. These impacts are analyzed using data gathered by businesses, governments, and industry organizations. Economic Impacts According to a UNWTO report, in 2011, “international tourism receipts exceeded US$1 trillion for the first time” (UNWTO, 2012). UNWTO Secretary-General Taleb Rifai stated this excess of $1 trillion was especially important news given the global economic crisis of 2008, as tourism could help rebuild still-struggling economies, because it is a key export and labour intensive (UNWTO, 2012). Tourism around the world is now worth over $1 trillion annually, and it’s a growing industry almost everywhere. Regions with the highest growth in terms of tourism dollars earned are the Americas, Europe, Asia and the Pacific, and Africa. Only the Middle East posted negative growth at the time of the report (UNWTO, 2012).

While North and South America are growing the fastest, Europe continues to lead the way in terms of overall percentage of dollars earned (UNWTO, 2012): 

Europe (45%)



Asia and the Pacific (28%)

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North and South America (19%)

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Middle East (4%) Global industry growth and high receipts are expected to continue. In its August 2014 expenditure barometer, the UNWTO found worldwide visitation had increased by 22 million people in the first half of the year over the previous year, to reach 517 million visits (UNWTO, 2014a). As well, the UNWTO’s Tourism 2020 Vision predicts that international arrivals will reach nearly 1.6 billion by 2020.

Figure 1.2 Students visiting Vancouver for a conference

Social Impacts In addition to the economic benefits of tourism development, positive social impacts include an increase in amenities (e.g., parks, recreation facilities), investment in arts and culture, celebration of First Nations people, and community pride. When developed conscientiously, tourism can, and does, contribute to a positive quality of life for residents. However, as identified by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP, 2003a), negative social impacts of tourism can include: 

1. Change or loss of indigenous identity and values

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2. Culture clashes

Figure 1.3 First Nations art on display at Vancouver Island University 

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3. Physical causes of social stress (increased demand for resources) 4. Ethical issues (such as an increase in sex tourism or the exploitation of child workers)

Environmental Impacts Tourism relies on, and greatly impacts, the natural environment in which it operates. Even though many areas of the world are conserved in the form of parks and protected areas, tourism development can have severe negative impacts. According to UNEP (2003b), these can include: 

Depletion of natural resources (water, forests, etc.)

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Pollution (air pollution, noise, sewage, waste and littering)

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Physical impacts (construction activities, marina development, trampling, loss of biodiversity) The environmental impacts of tourism can reach outside local areas and have an effect on the global ecosystem. One example is increased air travel, which is a major contributor to climate change. Chapter 10 looks at the environmental impacts of tourism in more detail. Whether positive or negative, tourism is a force for change around the world, and the industry is transforming at a staggering rate. But before we delve deeper into our understanding of tourism, let’s take a look at the development of the sector in our own backyard. Tourism in the Philippines Tourism is an important sector for Philippine economy. In 2015, the travel and tourism industry contributed 10.6% to the country's GrossdomesticproductsGDP. Philippines is an archipelagic country composed of 7,641 islands with 82 provinces divided in 17 regions. The country is known for having its rich biodiversity as its main tourist attraction. Its beaches, heritage towns and monuments, mountains, rainforests, islands and diving spots are among the country's most popular tourist destinations. The country's rich historical and cultural heritage, including its festivals and indigenous traditions, are also one of the attractions of Philippines. Popular destinations among tourists are Cebu, Boracay, Palawan, Siargao, and many more.

As of 2015, 4.99 million Filipinos have been employed in the tourism sector and the government collected P227.62 billion pesos from foreign tourists, almost 25% of which came from Boracay. The country attracted a total of 5,360,682 foreign visitors in 2015 through its successful tourism campaign of "It's More Fun in the Philippines". In 2017, foreign arrivals peaked at 6,620,908. Philippines has garnered numerous titles related to tourism, namely, a. the traditional capital of the world's festivities, b. the capital of the western Pacific, c. the centre of Hispanic Asia,

d. the Pearl of the Orient Seas, e. center of the Coral Triangle, and f. the capital of fun.

The country is also a biodiversity hotspot, having the world's highest endemism rate for bird species, and one of the highest for mammals and flora. It is also the largest bastion for Roman Catholicism in all of Asia. The country is also home to one of the New7Wonders of Nature, the Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park, and one of the New7Wonders Cities, the Heritage City of Vigan. It is also home to 6 UNESCO world heritage sites scattered in 9 different locations, 3 UNESCO biosphere reserves, 3 UNESCO intangible cultural heritage, 4 UNESCO memory of the world documentary heritage, 1 UNESCO creative city, 2 UNESCO world heritage cities, 7 Ramsar wetland sites, and 8 ASEAN Heritage Parks. More than 90% of all Filipinos can understand and speak English, as many are multilingual.[5]

6 UNESCO world heritage sites scattered in 9 different locations

7 Ramsar Wetland Site

Designated

Location

Las Piñas-Parañaque Critical Habitat and Ecotourism Area

15 March 2013

Metro Manila (Manila Bay)

Naujan Lake National Park

12 November 1999

Oriental Mindoro

Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park

30 June 2012

Palawan

Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park Olango Island Wildlife Sanctuary

12 November 1999 1 July 1994

Palawan (Sulu Sea)

Cebu

Agusan Marsh Wildlife Sanctuary

12 November 1999

Agusan del Sur

Negros Occidental Coastal Wetlands Conservation Area

20 October 2016

Negros Occidental

3 UNESCO biosphere reserves

3 UNESCO intangible cultural heritage

Intangible cultural element[A]

Hudhud Epic Chant

Practicing ethnic group/s and geographic areas where element is practiced[B]

Ifugao people of Ifugao province

Short description[C]

The element was declared by UNESCO as one of the representative intangible elements of humanity in 2001. It was later inscribed as a UNESCO intangible heritage element in 2008. The element was properly documented from 2008 to December 2009 by the National Commission of the Philippines and the U.S. embassy in the Philippines. [40]

Maranao/Maguindanaon Darangen Epic people of Lanao del Sur and Chant neighboring areas

Punnuk (Traditional Tugging Ritual)

Tuwali, Ifugao people of Ifugao province

The element was declared by UNESCO as one of the representative intangible elements of humanity in 2005. It was later inscribed as a UNESCO intangible heritage element in 2008.

The element was declared by UNESCO as one of the representative intangible elements of humanity and inscribed as a UNESCO intangible heritage element in 2015 under the element of Tugging rituals and games, together with other tug-of-war games from other Asian countries.

4 UNESCO memory of the world documentary heritage 1.

José Maceda Collection

DocumentaryheritagesubmittedbyPhilippinesandrecommendedforinclusionintheMemoryoftheWorldRegisterin2007. Prof. Dr. Jose Maceda (January 31, 1917 – May 5, 2004) composer, internationally renowned scholar in ethnomusicology, recorded end collected (personally, and cooperatively with his staff, as well as contributions from other scholars in the international community) traditional musics in the Philippines and in some parts of South East Asia (Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, China, ….) during the period between 1953 and 2003. The collection consists of 1760 hours of tape recordings in 1936 reels and cassette tapes field notes, black&white and colored photographs of different musicians and instruments and some films. The collection reflects the traditional music of the Philippines covers sixty-eight ethnolinguistic groups and South East Asians before many musical styles vanished, or substantially changed, as a result of the process of social change, modern civilization and cultural globalization. For the region, the José Maceda Collection is unique in scope and size. It is a significant memorial of the orally transmitted cultural contributions to mankind from that part of the world. Year of submission: 2007 Year of inscription: 2007

2.

Philippine Paleographs (Hanunoo, Buid, Tagbanua and Pala’wan)

DocumentaryheritagesubmittedbyPhilippinesandrecommendedforinclusionintheMemoryoftheWorldRegisterin1999. Communication by means of symbols and creative graphics is one of man's singular achievements. Syllabaries, like those that developed in the Philippines, go a step further and represent not merely graphics, but articulate sounds. Dating back to at least the 10th century AD, four sets of these syllabaries, out of a documented seventeen, have survived the centuries and remain in use to this day, notably the Hanunoo Mangyan syllabary figuring in poetry - ambahan -, and in song. Year of submission: 1999

Year of inscription: 1999

3.

Presidential Papers of Manuel L. Quezon

Documentary heritage submitted by Philippines and recommended for inclusion in the Memory of the World Register in 2011. Manuel Quezon was a forceful personality who dominated the political scene and towered over his contemporaries and colleagues. His active involvement in the destiny of his country was felt both in the Philippines and the United States. Much of the current relations between the Philippines and the United States can best be understood by studying how the United States pursued policy for the Philippines, especially in the matter of political independence and economic development. The Quezon papers document the events and politics involved in the long history of the Philippine independence movement conducted both in the Philippines and in the United States, and consequently constitute a major source of information not only for the history of the Philippines, but also in the context of its history within and of the region (Southeast East Asia/East Asia), as well as of the United States, and of European countries (Britain, France, the Netherlands) during the perio...