Title | History of Sports Management |
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Course | Introduction to Sport Management |
Institution | University of Massachusetts Amherst |
Pages | 4 |
File Size | 66.5 KB |
File Type | |
Total Downloads | 102 |
Total Views | 148 |
Prof Lachowetz ...
Introduction
Management structures Clubs Leagues Professional Tournaments Structures grow in response to broad social change and/or address specific social issues Early baseball banning booze at games to accommodate for the social norm in Victorian Era Maintain honest play Dishonest play --> loss of fan base
Who Gets to Play?
Determined by the power in society Ethics movement Legal racial segregation in early days Ideology of white superiority
Club Systems
England is the birthplace of modern sport/sport management 18th cent: English aristocracy created member-based sports clubs 19th cent: Evolution of club sports--> standardized rules, agenda for settling disputes, organized schedules Thoroughbred Racing initial the "first' club system Races drew broad and diverse audience---> all classes could attend and participate in races Began as entertainment only--> prestige and love of the game; no athletic financial gain Owners wanted to breed/train better horses--> development of a more complex club system 1830s allowed for national completion Gambling on sport provided entertainment, evidence of talent, and ensured honest competition--> if suspected of cheating, jockeys would be beaten up The Jockey Club Established around 1750 Created to settled disputes, establish rules, determine edibility (amateurism), regulate breeding policies, punished cheaters, designated officials--> created a strong national governing body for racing Model for other English sports (rugby, cricket, boxing) Organized, sponsors, and promoted local events Modern Olympic Games began in 1896 in Athens based on English club-festivals in 1850s Founder Pierre de Coubertin was inspired by English system/character of sports-> saw an opportunity to create a peaceful movement through sport Amateur Olympic Games rotate between different host cities every 4 years
Present-Day Club Structure--> based upon membership International expansion Ranges from youth to adult events Large fan-base built into club Clubs are characterized by non-profit status and exclusivity European club now follow a similar system to US sport leagues--> owned businesses that produce entertainment for profit US developed own club system based on Harness Racing--> foundation of leagues Racing was mush short and less strenuous for horses--> horses could compete daily and draw more spectators Managed by track owners/race promoters Issues emerged very quickly--> sketchy management and race fixing--> loss of fan support/popularity Quickly killed sport in US US Lacked political/aristocratic power to operate clubs
Leagues
Baseball became the first sport to apply the league system Cincinnati Red Stockings Some players were paid on teams, other not--> created controversy Started the development of professional leagues 1871: National Association of Professional Baseball players became the first pro league Lacked leadership and financially unstable William Hulbert becomes the "Czar of Baseball" 1876: Took over management of National League of Professional Baseball Players--> achieved stability by treating teams like a business Abandoned seasons to prevent losses--> long-term goals Raised ticket prices Competitive Balance Teams began competing against each other w/out influence Enforce district rules to keep honest competition Gambling and drinking were prohibited in stadiums National League saw success Media attention Developed a early form for revenue sharing Established rules for distributing talent Gained fan attention Honored contracts--> reserve system Modern sports leagues depend on consolidated league play with strong centralize control/regulation Fans care about honest effort of players rather than ownership structure
Professional Sports Tournaments
Early gold professionals were instructors/caddies
Professional leagues did not capture interest of golf audience Attempts at generating revenue at tournaments failed Tournament stability was achieved by incentivizing players with prize money donated by companies/corporate sponsors Fred Corcoran developed self-sufficient system for golf tournaments Used celebrities to endorse/compete at games--> gained followers and money to give to charities/towns/products Bing Cosby and Bob Hope participated in golf tournament to raise money for the Red Cross during WWII Good business with charity work-->tax deductions, good publicity, volunteers Golf equipment manufacturers paid Corcoran to create golfer association and arrange torments using prize money--> paid players and reduces cost of hiring representatives Golf tournaments have evolved into corporate celebrations of golf + products PGA Tour is viewed as a elite/exclusive group Trend of management moving away from nonprofit private associations--> marketing agencies and/or broadcast media (i.e. ESPN)
Women in Sports Management
Female contribution began in Ancient Greece Heraea Games: competition for unmarried girls, administered by women--> female equivalent to Olympic Games Modern contributions include: Efra Manley of Newark Eagles (Negro League) Billie Jean King Judy Sweet and Christine Grant Women are more involved in sports industry than ever Jobs in Professional sports leagues Sports organizations (TeamworkOnline) Broadcast groups Management positions (NCAA)
Academic Field
Continuous growth of sports industry has increased the demand for sports management practices 1957: Walter O'Malley and James Mason discussed the idea of an academic system for sports management to educate and build professionals for the sports field 1966: Ohio University created the first master's degree program in sports management Late 1960s: Biscayne College (ST. Thomas University) and St John's University founded first undergraduate sports management programs 1971: Umass Amherst started second masters program[656+ 1985: 4o undergrad/32 grad sports management programs in US
Today: 350+ programs internationally o North American Society for Sports Management (NASSM)--> created curricular standings to promote quality programs o Commission on Sports Management Accreditation (COSMA)--> promotion/recognition of excellence in sports management education...