Hoch Chapter 6 Study Guide Complete PDF

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Study guide for Chapter 6 covering all the material from the chapter that could help you study for the test....

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Chapter 6 Study Guide Disclamier*: This study guide alone does not guarantee good test grades! For study tips, see chapter 1 study guide.

General cell stuff and Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic (Slides 1-13): -

What is the endosymbiont theory? How does it relate to our cells? Can our cells make their own mitochondria? About when did it occur?

Membrane bound organelles of eukaryotic cells are descended from ancient prokaryotes that were engulfed by larger prokaryotes, Especially mitochondria and chloroplasts, Probably happened about1.5 billion years ago. Cells cannot make their own Mitochondria, they have their own DNA and split by fission. -

Which biological domains contain prokaryotic cells? Which contains eukaryotic cells?

Organisms of the domains Bacteria and Archaea consist of prokaryotic cells Protists, algae, fungi, animals, and plants all consist of eukaryotic cells -

What are some similarities and differences between eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells?

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What are prokaryotic cells characterized by? How about eukaryotic cells? Are prokaryotic cells larger than eukaryotic cells?

Prokaryotic cells are characterized by having, No nucleus, DNA in an unbound region called the nucleoid, No membrane-bound organelles, Cytoplasm bound by the plasma membrane.

Eukaryotic cells are characterized by having DNA in a nucleus that is bounded by a membranous nuclear envelope, Membrane-bound organelles, Cytoplasm in the region between the plasma membrane and nucleus. Eukaryotic cells are generally much larger than prokaryotic cells. -

What are some differences between animal and plant cells?

Anima cells have centrosome and no cell wall. Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplast, and plasmodesmata. -

What is the plasma membrane? What is it made up of? What are its functions?

The plasma membrane is a selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, and waste to service the volume of every cell. It is made up of phospholipids, proteins as well as cholesterol and some glycoprotein carbohydrates. It functions as a selective barrier for what travels in and out of the cell. -

What determines the max size of cells? How does surface area and volume impact max cell size? Why?

Metabolic requirements set an upper limit on cell size. Volume increases proportionally more than surface area. So a cell will split before it becomes too large.

Specific Organelles (Slides 14-42): -

Where is genetic material stored in eukaryotic cells? What envelopes the nucleus? What then uses the genetic material to synthesize proteins?

The eukaryotic cells genetic instructions are housed in the nucleus and carried out by the ribosomes The nucleus contains most of the DNA in a eukaryotic cell Ribosomes use the information from the DNA to make proteins The nuclear envelope encloses the nucleus, separating it from the cytoplasm -

What are nuclear pores? What is their function? What is the nuclear side of the envelope on the nucleus? What is its function?

Pores regulate the entry and exit of molecules from the nucleus The nuclear side of the envelope is lined by the nuclear lamina, which is composed of proteins and maintains the shape of the nucleus -

DNA and proteins of chromosomes together are called what? When condensed, what do they form and when? What is the difference between the nucleus and the nucleolus?

The DNA and proteins of chromosomes are together called chromatin (from the Greek for “colored thread”) Chromatin condenses to form discrete chromosomes as a cell prepares to divide The nucleolus is a membrane-less organelle within the nucleus that manufactures ribosomes, the cell's protein-producing structures. A nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that contains the cell's chromosomes -

What are ribosomes and their function? What are they made up of? Where is protein synthesis performed?

Ribosomes are complexes made of ribosomal RNA and protein. Ribosomes carry out protein synthesis in two locations: In the cytosol (free ribosomes) and On the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum or the nuclear envelope (bound ribosomes) -

Which organelles make up the endomembrane system? What connects them together?

The endomembrane system consists of: Nuclear envelope, Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, Lysosomes, Vacuoles, and the Plasma membrane. These components are either continuous or connected via transfer by vesicles

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The endoplasmic reticulum makes up how much of total membrane in many eukaryotic cells? Is it continuous with the nuclear envelope? What are the two regions? What differentiates them?

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER)accounts for more than half of the total membrane in many eukaryotic cells. The ER membrane is continuous with the nuclear envelope. There are two distinct regions of ER: Smooth ER, which lacks ribosomes and Rough ER, whose surface is studded with ribosomes. -

Name the functions of each region in the endoplasmic reticulum. What transports material from the ER to the golgi apparatus?

The rough ER has bound ribosomes, which secrete glycoproteins(proteins covalently bonded to carbohydrates), distributes transport vesicles, secretory proteins surrounded by membranes and is a membrane factory for the cell SMOOTH ER: Protein enters rough ER and folds into 3D shape, Protein moves through rough ER into smooth ER. Lipids are made in smooth ER such as phospholipids, fats, and steroids. Also Metabolizes carbohydrates, Detoxifies drugs and poisons, Stores calcium ions Protein and lipids move into vesicles and are transported to the golgi -

What are the flattened membrane sacs in the golgi apparatus called? What are the functions of the golgi?

The Golgi apparatus consists of flattened membranous sacs called cisternae Functions of the Golgi apparatus: Modifies products of the ER, Manufactures certain macromolecules, Sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles. Cis side receives and Trans side transports/sends out material. -

How are sugars used for proteins and lipids in terms of transport from the golgi to other organelles? What are the kinds of vesicles that bud off of the golgi? What are their purposes?

Sugars (small glycogen molecules) are made in the golgi and are attached to the proteins and lipids to form glycoproteins and glycolipids. These glycogen units serve as address labels Two types of vesicles bud off from the golgi: Secretory vesicles which deliver proteins to the cell membrane for secretion and Lysosome which contain hydrolytic enzymes for digestion. -

What is a lysosome? What makes it up? Function? What is the process for lysosome digestion? What is it called when a cell engulfs another?

A lysosome is a membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can digest macromolecules. Lysosomal enzymes work best in the acidic environment inside the lysosome. Hydrolytic enzymes and lysosomal membranes are made by rough ER and then transferred to the Golgi apparatus for further processing. Some types of cell can engulf another cell by phagocytosis; this forms a food vacuole. -

What kinds of enzymes are held within the lysosome? What is the typical pH of lysosomes? What is Tay sach’s disease and what causes it?

Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes such as lipases, proteases, carbohydrases, and nucleases, and Maintains pH of 5. TaySachs –lack enzyme for lipid digestion –lipid build up in brain cells leads to retardation and death -

Make sure to know phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and autophagy! What are they? What does the process look like?

Phagocytosis is cell eating in which a vesicle is absorbed like a food vesicle. Pinocytosis is cell drinking and is when a liquid is brought in by endocytosis. Autography is when Lysosomes use enzymes to recycle the cell’s own organelles and macromolecules. -

Can you show the general flow of proteins through the different organelles in the endomembrane system?

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What are vacuoles? Can you name the different kinds and their functions?

Vacuoles are large vesicles derived from the ER and Golgi apparatus Vacuoles perform a variety of functions in different kinds of cells. Food vacuoles are formed by phagocytosis, Contractile vacuoles, found in many freshwater protists, pump excess water out of cells, Central vacuoles, found in many mature plant cells, hold organic compounds and water. -

What are mitochondria and chloroplasts? What are the differences between them? Where are they each found? Do they reproduce on their own or as a part of the cell? Make sure to look at the different structure pictures in the slide show!

Mitochondria and chloroplasts maintain their own, independent genomes and Replicate and reproduce like bacteria! -

What are the folds in a mitochondrion called? There are also two compartments, the intermembrane space and the ____. Why are there folds in the mitochondria?

Mitochondria are in nearly all eukaryotic cells, They have a smooth outer membrane and an inner membrane folded into cristae. The inner membrane creates two compartments: intermembrane space and mitochondrial matrix. Cristae present a large surface area for enzymes that synthesize ATP. -

What pigment is within chloroplasts? What other molecules? What are some important structures in chloroplasts?

Chloroplasts contain the green pigment chlorophyll, as well as enzymes and other molecules that function in photosynthesis. Chloroplast contain thylakoids which are stacked into structures known as granum and an internal fluid known as stroma. The chloroplast is a group of plant organelles called plastids. Cytoskeleton and motility in cells (Slides 43-55) -

What is the cytoskeleton and its function? What does the cytoskeleton interact with to contribute to cell motility? How does motility work inside the cell?

The cytoskeleton is a network of fibers that organizes structures and activities in the cell. The cytoskeleton is a network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm. It organizes the cell’s

structures and activities, anchoring many organelles. The cytoskeleton helps to support the cell and maintain its shape. It interacts with motor proteins to produce motility. Inside the cell, vesicles can travel along tracks provided by the cytoskeleton. -

What are the three components of the cytoskeleton? What are the differences between them?

Microtubules are the thickest of the three components of the cytoskeleton. Microfilaments, also called actin filaments, are the thinnest components. Intermediate filaments are fibers with diameters in a middle range. -

What are cilia and flagella? Their functions? What are the differences? How do microtubules affect the cilia and flagella? What is their general structure made up of? Can you explain the movement process?

Cilia and flagella are projections that cause movement. Microtubules control the beating of flagella and cilia, microtubule-containing extensions that project from some cells. Cilia and flagella differ in their beating patterns. Cytoplasmic Dyneins transport cellular cargo along microtubules. Axonemal dyneins move microtubules in cilia/flagella relative to each other to cause beating. Dynein arms alternately grab, move, and release the outer microtubules, Protein cross-links limit sliding, Forces exerted by dynein arms cause doublets to curve, bending the cilium or flagellum -

What do microfilaments do? What is their structure?

Microfilaments are solid rods about 7 nm in diameter, built as a twisted double chain of actin subunits. The structural role of microfilaments is to bear tension, resisting pulling forces within the cell. They form a 3-D network called the cortex just inside the plasma membrane to help support the cell’s shape. -

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How do amoebas move? Can you describe the process for amoeba cell movement?

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Are intermediate filaments found in all animal cells? What are their functions?

Cable like structure, with diameter in between that of actin filaments and microtubules. Not found in all animal cells, only found in certain animals, like vertebrates. Keratin family of proteins, also make hair and fingernails. Permanent structure component of cells, reinforcing shape, holding organelles in place.

Cell walls and other external things (Slides 56-64) -

What is the cell wall? Where are they found? What is its function? What is it made up of? Do you remember what diatom cell walls are made up of?

The cell wall is an extracellular structure that distinguishes plant cells (among others) from animal cells. Prokaryotes, fungi, and some unicellular eukaryotes also have cell walls. The cell wall protects the plant cell, maintains its shape, and prevents excessive uptake of water. Plant

cell walls are made of cellulose fibers embedded in other polysaccharides and protein. Diatom cell walls are made of glass. -

What are the layers of cell walls? What are the differences? What are plasmodesmata?

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Do animal cells have cell walls? What do they have instead? What makes it up? How does the ECM affect the life of the cell (Functions)?

Animal cells lack cell walls but are covered by an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM). The ECM is made up of glycoproteins such as collagen, proteoglycans, and fibronectin. ECM proteins bind to receptor proteins in the plasma membrane called integrins. ECM can regulate a cell’s behavior by communicating with a cell through integrins. The ECM around a cell can influence the activity of gene in the nucleus. Mechanical signaling may occur through cytoskeletal changes, that trigger chemical signals in the cell. -

What are the types of cell junctions in animal cells? What are their functions?

Three types of cell junctions are common in epithelial tissues: Tight junctions, membranes of neighboring cells are pressed together, preventing leakage of extracellular fluid. Desmosomes(anchoring junctions) fasten cells together into strong sheets. Gap junctions(communicating junctions) provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells....