Psych Chapter 6 Study Guide PDF

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1. Learning- relative permanent change in behavior potentially as a result of experience 2. Relative change-excludes short-term changes (such as motor fatigue) 3. Behavior potentiality- learned behavior may be latent/ learning is inferred from behavior (you have to motivate the organism to display behavior) 4. Experience- excludes maturation 5. Classical conditioning- when you teach an organism to associate a certain stimulus with an involuntary response 6. Ivan Pavlova. Russian physiologist b. discovered classical conditioning by accident (was interested in the digestive system) 7. Conditioned stimulus-a neutral stimulus that is paired with the unconditioned response 8. Unconditioned stimulus- elicits an automatic reflexive response (unconditioned response) 9. Conditioned response-a response that resembles the UCR when CS happens 10. Unconditioned response-automatic reflexive response 11. Stimulus intensity-the more intense, the faster the conditioning 12. Interstimulus interval-how long you wait between the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned response a. the shorter you wait, the faster the conditioning (optimal is 0.5 seconds) 13. Delayed conditioning- forward conditioning/ present the CS then UCS (bell then food) 14. Trace conditioning- bell, stop bell, food 15. Backward conditioning- present the food then the bell (worst type of conditioning) 16. Simultaneous conditioning- present the bell and food at the same time 17. Extinction-eliminating the CR by not pairing the CS with the UCS 18. Spontaneous recovery-extinguished behavior may recover if CS is presented after a rest period 19. Stimulus generalization- CR occurs to stimuli that resemble the CS(example: little Albert) 20. Stimulus discrimination-CR is restricted to the CS (opposite of stimulus generalization) 21. Rescorla-Wagner model- when CS and UCS are paired randomly, conditioning is poor 22. Expectancy approach- CS must reliably predict the UCR 23. Informational approach- CS must be informative 24. Enuresis- bed wetting/ bladder contraction followed by urination 25. Drug abuse tolerance- need more and more of a drug to get the same kick a. Drug (UCS) b. Physiological measures to restore homeostasis (UCR) c. Environmental cues (CS) i. the absence of the CS postpone the body’s defense (can be fatal) 26. Conditioned withdrawal reactiona. Nicotine (UCS)

b. Withdrawal symptoms after exposure (UCR) c. End of meal (CS) i. CS elicits withdrawal symptoms that motivate continuous drug use 27. John B. Watson- states that the goal of psychology is to CONTROL and PREDICT behavior 28. B.F. Skinnera. introduced radical behaviorism -advocated control of behavior through simple learning b. Mediating cognitive factors are not scientific nor helpful in controlling behavior i. psychology is analytical and deterministic ii. simple learning principle may be discovered through animal research 29. Edward L. Thorndike- Law of effect 30. Law of effecta. Satisfying state of affairs- will repeat action b. Annoying state of affairs-will not repeat action c. Learning is incremental, automatic, and applies to all mammals i. introspection is irrelevant and non human animal studies are parsimonious (simple science) 31. Operant conditioning- instrumental conditioning a. organism operates on the environment/ behavior is instrumental in obtaining given consequences b. behavior is controlled by its consequences c. responses are VOLUNTARY and EMITTED d. S-R contingency 32. S-R contingency- consciously associating a stimulus with a given response (very direct) 33. Reinforcement- anything that increases the likelihood of behavior 34. Punishment- anything that decreases the likelihood of behavior 35. Positive-anything that is presented 36. Negative- anything that is removed 37. Appetitive- a type of reinforcement that motivates approach behavior 38. Aversive- a type of reinforcement that motivates withdrawal behavior 39. Primary-a type of reinforcement that satisfies basic needs (unconditioned reinforcer) 40. Secondary- a type of reinforcement that derive value through association with primary (conditioned reinforcer) 41. Token economy- an example of a secondary reinforcer used in jail where tokens are given as a reward for good behavior 42. Premack principle-reinforcing a less likely behavior with a more likely behavior 43. Shaping- lion when you reinforce every little behavior to form a more complex behavior 44. Continuous schedule- each and every response is reinforced a. used to establish or strengthen new behavior

b. easier to extinguish behavior 45. Partial schedule- when you no longer reinforce each and every response 46. Ratio-refers to behaviors 47. Interval-refers to the passage of time 48. Fixed- predetermined number of behaviors or time 49. Variable- average number of behaviors or time 50. biological constraints on learning- behavior tends to drift towards preprogrammed motor behavior 51. Instinctual drift- trained animals may revert back to instinctive behavior 52. Taste aversion- tendency to avoid a flavor (CS) associated with an aversive UCS a. may be established in one trial b. ISI may be extremely long (hours instead of seconds) c. Organisms are prepared to associate aversive reaction with particular stimuli 53. Edward Tolman- cognitive map/ Rats and maze learning 54. Cognitive map- latent learning (when rats learned the maze but did not show that they learned it until they were reinforced/motivated) 55. Observational learning- occurs when we learn new behaviors by observing others a. also known as modeling/ social learning/vicarious learning 56. Albert Bandura-did the experiment with the bobo doll 57. Attention-prestige or status of a model is important 58. Retention- observed behaviors must be remembered 59. Reproduction of behavior- observed behaviors must be replicable 60. Motivation-observing someone being reinforced increases the likelihood that the behavior will be performed...