Psych Study Exam Guide Chapter 9 Lifespan PDF

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Chapter 9 Lifespan...

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Chapter 9: Lifespan Development:

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What is Lifespan development?

Lifespan Theories

Stages of Development

Death and Dying

Physical Development: involves growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills and health and wellness. Cognitive Development: involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, and creativity. Psychosocial Development: involves emotions, personality and social relationships. The Normative Approach: “What is normal development?” Developmental Milestones: What should a person/baby be doing in this stage of life: “normal behaviors of development.” o Ex: crawling, walking, talking, writing, puberty… o Biological Milestones: puberty (universal) o Social Milestones: starting school (individual)

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Continuous Development: Cumulative process, (gradual improvement of skills) o Ex: physical growth: -adding inches year by year-gradual change.

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Discontinuous Development: Take place in specific ages/times~ changes are sudden.

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Stage theories state that the order of development is universal o Children and speaking-first word at 12 months. Certain things such as cultural norms can have an effect on development Nature: Who we are because of our biology and genetics. Nurture: Who we are because of our environment and culture. Hart & Risely: children that come from high income families had heard much more words (30 mil+) than low-income & the gap gets bigger with time. Psychosexual Development: Freud’s stages during childhood when pleasure-seeking urges are focused on erogenous zones. o Childhood experiences shape our personalities as adults. o Discontinuous Development & people can become stuck in a stage.

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Psychosocial Development: Emphasizes the social nature of development. At each stage, there is a conflict that needs to be resolved. Success lead to a sense of competency and a healthy personality. o Erik Erikson: Developed off of Freud’s Theory o Thought that personality development happens all through the lifespan.

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Cognitive Theory of Development: Jean Piaget Focused on Children’s cognitive growth. He thought that cognitive abilities develop through stages, and that children do not think and reason like adults. o Schemata: Concepts that are used to help us categorize and interpret information. o Assimilation: Take in information that is comparable to what they already knowrecognize other dogs o Accommodation: Change their schemata based on new information- difference between a sheep and a dog/ learning the difference o Discontinuous Development

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Object Permanence: Understanding that if something is out of sight, it still exists. Stranger Anxiety: child is unable to assimilate stranger into existing schema Egocentrism: not be able to take the perspective of others. Understand reversibility 7-11: Objects can be changed and returned to original condition Renewed egocentrism-spotlight effect o Believed that formal operational was the highest level of cognitive development. o Post-formal Stage: Decisions made based on situations/circumstances, and logic is mixed with emotions as adults develop rules that depend on context. Theory of Moral Development: Lawrence Kohlberg believed that moral development follows a series of stages. Stages of Moral Reasoning: from pre-conventional morality to conventional morality and then toward post-conventional morality (which only a few fully achieve)

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Prenatal Development: Germinal Stage (weeks 1-2) o Conception: when the sperm fertilizes an egg and forms a zygote. o Zygote: begins as a one-cell structure and the sex of the baby is set at this point. o Mitosis: During the first two weeks, the zygote divides and multiples. o Fewer than ½ of all zygotes survive beyond the first two weeks. Embryonic Stage (week 3-8) o After the zygote divides for about 7-10 days and has 150 cells, it travels down the fallopian tubes and implants itself in the lining of the uterus. Upon implantation, this multi-cellular organism is called an embryo. o Placenta: a structure connected to the uterus that provides nourishment and oxygen from the mother to the developing embryo via the umbilical cord. o Heart begins to beat, and organs form and begin to function. Fetal Stage (weeks 9-40) o Fetus: 9 weeks old o From 9-12 week, the sex organs begin to differentiate. At about 16 weeks, the fetus is approx. 4.5 inches long, fingers and toes are fully developed, and fingerprints are visible. o The brain continues to develop, nearly doubling in six in weeks 16-28. Around week 36, the fetus weighs about 6Ibs, and is about 18.5 inches long. At week 37, all of the fetus’s organ systems are developed enough that it could survive outside the mother without many risks associated with premature birth. Prenatal Influences o Prenatal Care: medical care during pregnancy that monitors the health of both mother and fetus. o Folic Acid: Many expectant mothers are advised to take a vitamin with folic acid, which helps prevent certain birth defects. Teratogens: any environmental agent-biological, chemical, or physical-that causes damage to the developing embryo or fetus. Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: (FASD) are the collection of birth defects associated with heavy consumption of alcohol during pregnancy. o Children may have poor judgment, poor impulse control, higher Rates ADHD, learning issues and lower IQ scores.

o Continues into adulthood. Smoking & Other Drugs: o Smoking while pregnant can cause premature birth, low-birthweight, stillbirth, and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). o Heroine, Cocaine, methamphetamine, almost all prescription medicines, and most over-the-counter medicines are considered teratogens. Critical Periods o Critical/Sensitive period: each organ of the fetus develops during a specific period and pregnancy. Infancy Through Childhood o All healthy babies are born with newborn reflexes: inborn automatic responses to particular forms of stimulation o Rooting reflex: When you stroke a baby’s cheek, they naturally turn their head in that direction and begins to suck o Grasping Reflex: baby will grasp anything that touches its palms o Moro Reflex: newborn’s response when they feel like they’re falling- the baby spreads its arms, pulls them back in, and then usually cries. Physical Development: o Motor skills: our ability to move our bodies and manipulate objects o Fine motor skills: Focus on muscles in fingers, toes, and eyes-using a spoon o Gross motor skills: large muscle groups (arms and legs)- jumping Cognitive Milestones o 6-9 months: shake head no o 8 months: object permanence-enjoy peekaboo o 9-12 months: respond to verbal requests to do things o Theory of mind develops between 3-5 yrs- understands that others have thoughts, feelings and beliefs different from their own-recognizes that others may have false beliefs o Attention span improves from 11 yrs. Old Language Development o Making gestures before they speak-coo immediately o Babbling: repeating a syllable: ma-ma/pa-pa-da-da o 12 months: 1st word o 18 months: combine words for meaning o 2 years: between 50 & 200 words used o 3 years: 1000-word vocab. And speaks in sentences o 5 years: Understands 6000 words, speaks 2,000 words Attachment: long-standing connection or bond with others o Harry Harlow: Monkeys- mesh mommy with milk vs. cuddly cloth mommy o John Bowlby: developed the concept of attachment theory

Secure Base: parental presence gives the child sense of security as they explore surroundings-signs of a healthy attachment are that the caregiver is responsive and engages in mutually enjoyable interactions with child o Mary Ainsworth Strange situation-attachment is not all-or-nothing  Secure attachment: most common and healthiest type of attachment prefers parent instead of stranger  Avoidant: child is unresponsive to parent and doesn’t care if parent leaves.  Resistant: clingy behavior-too fearful to explore- difficult to comfort  Disorganized: odd behavior-seen in children who have been abused Self-Concept: an understanding of who you are o Mirror Test: by 18 months, a toddler will recognize themselves in a mirror-red dot o By 24-26 months can point to themselves in pictures o By 4 yrs. old, children can cooperate with other children, share, and separate from parents. o Children with + self-concept tend to be more confident, do better in school, act more independently, and try new activities. Parenting Styles: o Authoritative: Parent gives reasonable demands & consistent limits, express affection & listens to child-explains rules o Authoritarian: Parent places high value on conformity and obedience. Very strict with little warmth- anxious, withdrawn, and unhappy kids o Permissive: The kids run the show, and anything goes. Few demands & punishments, parents are nurturing like a friend o Uninvolved: Parents are indifferent, uninvolved, and sometimes neglectful-only provide basic needs-provides worst outcomes for children o Temperament: child’s innate traits that influence how they think, behave, and react- interacts with parenting style Adolescence: Period of development that begins at puberty and ends at emerging adulthood-12-18-years old o Primary and Secondary Sexual Characteristics: Organs needed for reproduction and physical signs of sexual maturation o Menarche: beginning of menstrual periods-12-13 years old o Spermarche: first ejaculation-13-14 yrs. Old Adolescent Cognition: more complex thinking abilities o Question authority and challenge established social norms. o Cognitive Empathy/Theory of Mind relates to the ability to the perspective of others and feel concern for others Emerging Adulthood (18-mid 20’s): Identity exploration focused on work and love Adulthood: o Young: physical abilities peak 

o Middle (40-60s): physical decline is gradual o Late: last stage of physical decline; skin loses elasticity, reaction time slows, and muscle strength diminishes Psychosocial Development o George Vaillant: stated that wee need to have and continue to find meaning throughout our lives  Meaning is found through work and family for those in their early to middle adulthood  Positive relations with significant others and a stable marriage have been found to help with well-being o Socioemotional Selectivity Theory: suggests that our social support and friendships dwindle as we get older Death & Dying o Cicely Saunders: created the 1st modern hospice in England Hospice provides a death w/ dignity & pain management in a humane & comfortable environment o Florence Wald: founded the 1st hospice in the U.S.  Research suggest that hospice care is beneficial to the patient-living longer than non-hospice patients o Elizabeth Kubler-Ross: introduced the 5 stages of grief:  Denial  Anger  Bargaining  Depression  acceptance...