Psych 410 Exam 1 Study Guide PDF

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Study guide of Week 1-8 for the Midterm Exam...

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Psychopathology-intense, frequent, persistent maladaptive patterns of emotion, cognition, and behavior. Developmental psychopathology emphasizes that these patterns occur in the context of normal development, and result in current and potential impairment of infants, children, and adolescents. The Tolan & Dodge 4-part model for comprehensive care is the groundwork for resource allocation and policy implementation that will have longstanding consequences for the well-being of countless children. They include: (1) Children and their families should be able to access appropriate and effective mental health services directly (2) Child mental health should be a major component of healthy development promotion and attention in primary care settings such as schools, pediatric care, community programs, and other systems central to child development (3) Efforts should emphasize preventive care for high-risk children and families (4) More attention must be paid to cultural context and cultural competence” Big therapies of developmental psychopathology - Continuous models (normal feelings, thoughts, and behaviors gradually become more serious problems or become clinically diagnosable disorders). Discontinuous models (discrete and qualitative differences in individual patterns of emotion, cognition, and behavior). Physiological models (basis for all psychological processes and events). Behavioral model (focusing on individual’s observable behavior within a specific environment). Cognitive model (the components and processes of the mind and mental development) Humanistic model (interference with or suppression of the child’s natural tendencies to develop an integrated sense of self, with valued abilities and talents). Family model (the personality and psychopathology of a particular child is to understand the dynamics of a particular family). Sociocultural model (culture is not only the background for development; but is a major influence on development itself. Psychodynamic counseling focuses on unconscious processes as they are manifested in a person's present behavior. Goal is the client's self-awareness and understanding of the influence of the past on present behavior. What treatment style focuses on promoting the overall well-being of a child and family? - Family therapy What model of therapy consider the role of culture in the development of maladaptive behaviors? Sociocultural Glen Elder’s model of child development - Focuses on the influence of time and history on children’s development 1. Children develop within social arrangements of a given moment 2. These arrangements are changed by events/trends 3. Developing individuals change history 4. Cultures make sense of the ways of development. 3 adaptational failures that may lead to psychopathology - delay (e.g., the child acquires language more slowly than other children), fixation (e.g., the child continues to suck her thumb long after other children have stopped), or deviance (e.g., the child behaves strangely, unlike other children) Developmental pathway - Patterns of adjustment and maladjustment over time. Broad pathways include larger scale goal-directed patterns of feelings, thoughts, and behaviors across multiple domains (e.g., achieving social competence, academic success, overall well-being). Narrow pathways involve more specific goals (e.g., mastering a musical instrument, learning a second language, or maintaining a longdistance friendship). Supporting trajectory - ways in which parents influence children’s pathways; involves supporting trajectories by providing attention and encouragement to children. Dimensional classification system Identifies key dimensions of functioning & dysfunction, Assumes all children can be meaningfully described along these dimensions, Emphasizes differences in degree (or quantity) of a dimension (internalizing/externalizing) Validity - Whether the classification gives us true-to-life, meaningful information. Internal Validity: About etiology or core patterns. External validity- About the implications of the disorder. How are labels detrimental to children? - People are not defined by their psychiatric diagnoses. Individuals may have a disorder, but they also possess a core human dignity as well as areas of experiences where they function flexibly, competently, and creatively How is an interview assessment conducted? Allow parents and children to explain their concerns and to tell their stories, Therapist begins to build trust and relationships with family, Clinicians are interested in the areas of agreement among informants as well as areas of disagreement. Ranges from structured play to highly planned sets of questions to open-ended conversations, and takes into account characteristics such as age and whether the child is comfortable interacting with a clinician apart from parents IDEA -Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act- provides federal funding for children who are deemed eligible for special education and related services. What are the 3 types of prevention? Primary prevention (Reducing or eliminating risks and reducing development of the incidence of disorder) Secondary prevention (Interventions implemented following early signs of distress and dysfunction, before the disorder is clearly established) Tertiary prevention (Responding to already present and clinically significant disorders)

Biobehavioral shifts - signal important intra- and interpersonal changes; 1st occurs between 2 and 3 months of age, after infants and caregivers have negotiated the transition from intrauterine to extrauterine experience through their rhythmic routines of feeding, dressing, and comforting 2nd occurs between 7 and 9 months, most babies communicate their feelings and intentions through gestures and vocalizations, play with toys, and have a number of daily and nightly schedules. 3rd occurs between 18 and 20 months, toddlers are walking and talking and are increasingly independent explorers of their many environments. Characteristics of temperament - Highly reactive and inhibited, opposite; Reactivity and Regulation and control of; emphasize: surgency (extraversion), negative affectivity (predispositions to experience fear, frustration, or anger), and infant emotionality (the latency to respond to emotional stimuli and the avg. and peak intensities of emotional response). How do infants express early psychopathologies - basic functioning and patterns of dysregulation regarding feeding and sleeping. Feeding- pica (ingestion of nonfood substances), rumination (repeated regurgitation of food), and avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (not eating enough for normal growth and development). Sleeping- sleep-wake disorders. Early patterns of distress lead to hypersensitivity, underreactivity, and motordisorganization. Risk factors of developing a feeding disorder - Parents who are insecure, controlling, hostile, or who have poor parenting skills, may be the result of developmental delays, genetic conditions, or abnormalities of oral anatomy. Some infants may be less sensitive to feelings of hunger or may present signals that are unclear or difficult to read by their caregivers. Tem-peramental differences may also come into play, with children who are highly reactive to new stimuli responding more negatively to the introduction of new tastes and textures. Developmental tasks related to attachment that need to be completed in the 1st year include the establishment of routines that promote physical, intellectual, emotional, and social growth. Developing a secure attachment between infant and caregiver Factors contribute to attachment - Parental sensitivity, infant temperament, parenting variables, the role of father, non-parental care, attachment histories, marital relationships, parent’s psychological well-being or psychopathology, sociocultural and genetic factors Difficulty to diagnosis attachment issues as a child ages - Older children and adolescents often exhibit multiple problems, including aggression, anxiety, and depression, with a number of children meeting the diagnostic criteria for several disorders. Some of these disorders have their etiological roots in disorders of attachment, and some do not. Attachment disorders best treated - Universal measures for the general population, selective measures for above-average risk groups, and indicated measures target more specific risk factors for high-risk groups. Child treatment: must establish a safe and stable caregiving environment. Infant-Parent psychotherapy: Therapeutic approach for disordered or disrupted attachment relationships. Collaborative approach between the therapist and parent. Treatment of developmental disorders changed overtime - physicians and professionals became increasingly interested in training persons with IDD so that they could become active, productive members of a more complex society characterized by changing forms of labor and sociocultural organization. Intensive training took place, primarily in residential settings, designed to prepare individuals with IDD for successful adjustment to their communities. Segregation- the forced separation of men and women in residential care; sterilization laws were passed in many states; seen as unethical and unnecessary. Recent decades have been characterized as focused on advocacy and support for those who struggle with intellectual developmental disorder. Typical development of a child with Down syndrome- including distinctive facial features, heart problems, and poor muscle tone; language difficulties mainly with expressive speech than receptive speech, brain structure brain development. 0-5 months, their child reacts to a sound sometimes. 6-11 months, begin to watch parents’ face when being talk to and localize where a sound has come from, especially if the sound is sudden or unexpected. 11-15 months beginning to show signs of understanding about 20 words. 16-20 months comprehension of 40-60 words, also is chewing solid foods, sucking through a straw, standing, and walking. 21-25 months comprehension includes nouns, verbs, adjectives, and some prepositions. 2630 months says his/her own name, labels animals, requests “bottle” or “juice”, and calls for “mommy” and “daddy.” 31-35 months more talkative and produce 30–80 intelligible words, combined with other non-intelligible words. 36-40 months engage in short dialogues with others and often use 2 word sentences. 41-59 months have a vocabulary that can reach 900 words. 60-71 months producing longer sentences that are usually 3-4 words long but can be some 5-6 word phrases. 3 areas in which a child on the Autism Spectrum must display a deficit - social-emotional reciprocity, nonverbal communication during social interactions, and developing and maintaining relationships. Mirror neuron: underlie understanding of motor acts done by others as well as the intentions behind the actions

Applied Behavioral Analysis: intervention strategy for ASD, intensive behavior approach, near constant control & direction of the child and environment Core deficits found in ADHD - Impulsivity, restlessness, and inattentiveness Connections of ADHD and substance abuse-concerns that adolescents will abuse stimulants (for example, if access to Ritalin, marijuana). Even though stimulant treatment of ADHD can reduce likelihood of later substance abuse, also at risk for alcohol abuse/dependence Long-term outcome studies from kids with ADHD - Developmental delay (gradual improvement), continual display (ongoing impairment), and developmental decay (ongoing impairment + additional psychopathology) What are the neurotransmitters related to ADHD - Catecholamine’s- associated with attention and motor activity What is an example of a longitudinal study that was conducted with children with ADHD? The MTA Cooperative Group Study Multifinality: Developmental pathways in which similar beginnings lead to different outcomes Equifinality: Developmental pathways in which differing circumstances lead to the same diagnosis Bronfenbrenner’s ecological system - Dimension of time (Chronosystem) beliefs and values (Macrosystem)  Economic, Political, Education, Government and Religious systems (Exosystem)  Family, School, peers, religion, workplace, neighborhood (Mesosystem and then Microsystem)  You {Bullseye chart} Larry P. Vs Riles case - Set in 1972 in California, this case found the use of standardized IQ tests on Black children unconstitutional for the purposes of placement in programs for the educable mentally retarded (EMR), unless the court provided approval prior to testing. Dodo verdict - In Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland, Lewis Carroll’s Dodo bird announces that “everyone has won, and all must have prizes”. Used as an analogy to demonstrate the lack of research support for specificity of treatment effects. Child and adolescent outcome studies have demonstrated that treatment is more effective than no treatment or placebos. How the severity of Intellectual Disabilities are identified - three domains: conceptual, social and practical. Alfred Binet developed an instrument to assist in identifying children with inferior mental ability for purposes of special school placement. Currently three primary systems for classification of ID, the DSM-5, the AAIDD, and the educational system. Williams syndrome - Caused by a microdeletion on chromosome 7, associated with its own distinctive pattern of IDD. Characterized by deficits in general cognitive function and visual spatial skills and relative strengths in language and music domains. Comorbid disorders associated with ADHD - specific learning disabilities, internalizing problems (depression, bipolar, anxiety) Externalizing behaviors (ODD and CD) Diagnostic criteria for ADHD - Symptoms are pervasive across situations (2 or more settings), Interfere with performance (academic, social, work-related), evident prior to age 12 Prevalence rates for ADHD - 3%-7% in school aged children, diagnosed more in boys Three areas of executive functioning problematic for those with ADHD-working memory, sense of time, and sustained effort. ADHD involves a deficit in executive functions, the higher-order cognitive functions that process information without conscious awareness. Self-directed actions used to modify behavior and are responsible for initiating and maintaining problem-solving behaviors that manage, direct, and control the course of brain activity. What is the most common form of specific learning disorder - dyslexia...