HUBS191 Tutorial 2 Worksheet PDF

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HUBS191 Tutorial 2: Lectures 4-6 Lecture 4: Bone Tissue & Its Microscopic Structure Bone tissue composition Bone has cells and a _______________ extracellular matrix, it is made up of ________________ tissue, which supports other tissues and maintains form. The two extracellular components of bone are organic and inorganic. ___% of the bone matrix is organic, meaning it is made of ____________, it contains _____________ and ground substance (proteoglycans) and functions to resist ____________. Without this component, bones would __________ ___________. ___% of the bone matric is inorganic, meaning it is made of _____________ such as hydroxyapatite and other calcium minerals and functions to resist ________________. Without this component, bones would __________ as they would be too _____________. The cellular component of bone makes up __% of the bone matrix and consists of 4 cell types: 1. 2. 3. 4. These cells need to balance their activities of destruction and formation to maintain ________ _____________. Compact bone and cancellous bone are made up of the same materials but have different structures. Compact bone has an ____________ structure. Macroscopically it appears to be _________ and _________________, it also contains foramina for ________ _________. Microscopically it is made up of ____________ units and circumferential ______________. Write the function/s of the following: Osteon – a longitudinal unit in compact bone: ______________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ Central canal: _______________________________________________________ Lamellae – cylinders of ECM surrounding the central canal: ________________ ___________________________________________________________________ Lacunae: ___________________________________________________________ Canaliculi: __________________________________________________________ Cancellous bone has a ________________ structure which is formed by struts of ____________ bone surrounded by ____________. Osteocytes can be found in ______________ in between lamellae. The orientation of these struts allows cancellous bone to resist ___________ from multiple directions and direct the force of your body weight down the ___________ in one direction, thus spreading force ______________. Trabeculae channel weight around the ilia into the femora to distribute the force of the pelvic girdle.

Appositional growth allows bones to grow in ___________, bone matrix is added in lamellae to the bone surface by ___________________, whilst bone is removed from the ______________ ___________ by ___________________. Bone can ____________ and change shape over time in response to ____________ forces, such as stress and trauma, e.g. to unite a broken bone. Bone needs to maintain homeostasis as it is constantly being created and destroyed to allow ____________________ of minerals (calcium, phosphate etc.) from the bone matrix. ________________ and _________________ are good examples of imbalances in osteoblastic and osteoclastic activity, where the osteoclasts are working ________ than the osteoblasts. People with osteoporosis often get compression fractures of _______________ and the trabeculae of their cancellous bone become _________. ____________ are at higher risk of osteoporosis due to the loss of _____________ post-menopause. Osteoporosis can also be caused by lack of ________________ and poor ________. People with high peak bone mass (in your 20’s) are less likely to suffer from this.

Lecture 5: Bone Growth; Joints-Tissues and Structures Bone Growth Bone begins as a _____________ model ___ __________ after fertilisation, cartilage undergoes a process called _______________ _______________ to transform into bone. Outline the process of ossification: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ The primary centres of ossification are in the _____________, they develop at different times depending on the bone. The secondary centres of ossification are in the ______________, which remain as cartilage for some time. The diaphysis and epiphyses are separated by an ________________ __________ (growth plate). These plates are made up of ______________ and enable growth by allowing the diaphysis to grow without being interrupted by the epiphyses. During ____________ when growth is completed, the diaphysis and epiphyses start to fuse. Growth in length occurs through the __________ ________. Growth is width occurs via ________________ __________, in which osteoblasts form ___________________ ___________ and osteoclasts form the ___________ __________. Joints Joints are found where bones ______________ and holds them together. The composition of joints depends on their function, and the level of control of

_______________ needed. Joints have no _____________ component and are made up of ______________. What is the general composition of cartilage? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ Hyaline (Articular) Cartilage The collagen fibres in hyaline cartilage are ___________ ____________ and the matrix has a very high _________ _____________. Functions of hyaline cartilage:     Fibrocartilage Fibrocartilage consists of bundles of ____________ ___________ throughout the matrix, these bundles align their orientation with _______________. They are generally found in joints that encounter both _____________________ and ___________. Functions of fibrocartilage:    Ligaments and Tendons Ligaments and tendons are structures that are associated with joints. They are made up of __________ ____________ ___________________ ____________ which consists of ____________, ___________ and ___________________ (cytes). These structures function to resist _______________. They take a long time to heal after an injury due to their minimal _______________. Ligaments connect ___________ to __________ and function to restrict ___________________ away from themselves. Lateral ligaments restrict _________ movement (adduction), whilst medial ligaments restrict _____________ movement (abduction). Ligaments have a low __________ content, and are mostly made up of ____________. Tendons connect ____________ to __________ and function to ______________ and ___________ movement and aid in ____________________ by transmitting muscle movement to bone. Tendons have a higher _____________ content than ligaments, thus more control of movement.

Bony congruence is the amount of bone surfaces that form ___________________, it is inversely proportional to the amount of _______ __________ ____________ needed in a joint. Define tissues: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ Define structures: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________

Lecture 6: Joint Classifications; Synovial Joints (Structures & Movements) There are 3 main types of joint classification 1. Fibrous joints 2. Cartilaginous joints 3. Synovial joints

Tissue and Structure

Function(s)

Example(s)

Fibrous

Cartilaginou s

Synovial

Synovial joints have a complex arrangement of tissues/structures that determine the ____________ of, _______________, and ______________ of movement that the joint can undergo. Bone ends determine the _________ ____ __________ a joint can undergo.

Label the structures found in synovial joints: ____________ cartilage covers the smooth ________________ bone ends where they _______________. The ______________ _____________ lines the inner surface of the joint capsule. It _____________ the joint by secreting ____________ ________. Synovial joints have two types of ligaments. 1. Capsular Ligament  These make up the _______ ___________, holding the _________ together  They are _________ and __________ where support is needed, and _________ where movement is allowed  Potential space or cavity  Examples: collateral ligaments (knee) 2. Intracapsular Ligaments  Restrict _________________ between bones  Example: cruciate ligaments from tibia to femur: anterior CL restricts femoral displacement ___________; posterior CL restricts femoral displacement ______________ (location relates to ligament attachment to tibia) Fibrocartilaginous pads/structures are a type of _____________ cartilage (e.g. menisci in the knee) In synovial joints, there is a ‘trade-off’ between _____________ and ____________. High _____________ = low _____________, and vice versa. Synovial joints move in planes on axes. Uniaxial joints move in ________ axis, biaxial in _______, and multiaxial in ___________. The range of movement a joint can undergo is determined by its _______________, such as bone-end shape, ligament location/length, and body surface contact.

Joint Shape *

Axis/Axes

*occurs at flat articular surfaces

Movements

Examples...