Human Bio Exam 3 - exam 3 study guide PDF

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Chapter 20:

● Sticky ends are DNA fragments cleaved by a restriction enzyme so that one strand is longer than the other. ● In nature, the purpose of restriction enzymes is to: Protect the bacteria from virus attack by cutting up foreign DNA. ● Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific sites. ● Gel electrophoresis sorts DNA molecules on the basis of their size. ● DNA ligase bonds that join nucleotides together. ● Based upon the picture provided that shows a single locus DNA fingerprint, The defendant may be guilty. The bands from the blood on the clothes matches with the ones from the victim's blood. ● Bam HI, Hind III, and EcoRI are all examples of restriction enzymes. ● The gel in a gel electrophoresis is: agarose. ● A cloning vector is used to carry foreign genes or DNA fragments. ● All restriction enzyme recognition sites are read the same forward and backward. ● True. In order to insert a human gene into a bacterial plasmid, both DNA molecules must be cut with the same restriction enzyme. ● Restriction enzymes are not used in DNA sequencing ● Gene therapy is currently under investigation as a possible way to cure cystic fibrosis. How is the viral vector carrying the normal gene delivered to the affected cells? Nasal spray ● Humans have been using the techniques of recombinant DNA technology for the past 100 years. is not true regarding recombinant DNA technology ● Retroviruses splice their own RNA-based genetic code permanently into the DNA of the cells they infect is not considered a potential problem when using retroviruses as gene vectors ● DNA polymerase catalyzes the attachment of nucleotides to a growing complementary strand? ● Traditional vaccines may result in disease symptoms because they contain killed or weakened organisms is a problem associated with traditional vaccines as opposed to vaccines produced by transgenic organisms? ● A scientist is working in a lab sequencing DNA. After reading the results from a column of gel scanned in a fluoroscope, she determines the sequence of bases in the newly synthesized gel. DNA is AATCC CGG. TTAG GGCC would represent the sequence of bases on the complementary strand ● acts as the beginning site for production of a new strand of DNA is the function of a primer ● The first successful treatment of a genetic disorder by gene therapy was the curing of Ashanthi DeSilva who had severe combined immunodeficiency disease. Because the engineered cells do not live forever this child must supplement her treatment with regular doses of: adenosine deaminase. ● Plasmids are part of the main bacterial chromosome is not true regarding a plasmid ● Hemoglobin is not a human protein produced presently by transgenic bacteria ● One of the main problems associated with treating human diseases through gene therapy is finding a delivery system that would target specific cell types. ● Bacteria are very important to the genetic engineering industry because they reproduce

very quickly and they readily take up plasmids containing foreign genes.(A and D) ● The production of vaccines using genetically engineered bacteria has a number of problems. These include all of the following except: finding bacteria that will take up genetically engineered plasmids. ● When DNA fragments from different sources are mixed together, they begin combining with each other due to: complementary base pairing. ● As DNA fragments migrate through the gel, larger pieces move more quickly than smaller pieces is not true regarding the process of gel electrophoresis used in DNA sequencing ● Genetic engineering has resulted in plants with many new desired traits. These include all of the following except: plants with long, slender stems to resist wind. ● DNA ligase, Plasmids, restriction enzymes, use of bacteria is associated with recombinant DNA technology (ALL OF THE ABOVE) ● The first successful treatment of a human genetic disorder through gene therapy was with a disorder known as: severe combined immunodeficiency disease. ● 20) ● Pharmaceutical companies prefer to genetically engineer large animals with human genes because it may be possible to obtain large amounts of the resulting protein from the animals' milk. ● insulin, produced by transgenic bacteria, is used to treat diabetes ● Plant cells in the presence of recombinant DNA are exposed to very high temperatures and are not used to transfer or retain foreign DNA in plants? ● One of the first uses of transgenic bacteria involved their production of human hormones. ● Vaccine for hepatitis B is presently on the market ● creation of unique animals for zoos is not presently possible through recombinant DNA technology? ● Restriction enzymes are used in genetic engineering to cut DNA between specific base pairs in a DNA strand, resulting in DNA segments that are then used for further study and analysis. True ● The polymerase chain reaction is a procedure currently used to amplify functional genes and the proteins they produce. False ● Plasmids are useful to scientists involved in recombinant DNA technology because foreign genes can be inserted into the plasmids and then the plasmids can be inserted back into bacteria. True ● Since biotechnology is a new science, there are many risks and new responsibilities associated with this new technology. True ● Once a genetic disorder in an adult is treated successfully through gene therapy, it is highly unlikely that the person's children will inherit the gene(s) for the disease. Fa;se ● Through the science of genetic engineering, it is currently possible for humans to create organisms that do not exist in nature.True ● Vaccines produced by genetically engineered yeast contain the antigen(s) of the diseasecausing organism, not the organism itself. True ● The best vectors for transporting genes into human cells are bacteria. False ● Recombinant DNA technology is used by scientists to produce molecules of DNA that did not previously exist in nature. True

● Techniques associated with genetic engineering can presently be used to successfully treat many forms of human cancer. False ● The idea of manipulating DNA through cutting and splicing, essential to the science of recombinant DNA technology, is not necessarily a new process since nature has been recombining DNA for billions of years. True ● Transgenic plants can presently be used for the production of human proteins, including human serum albumin. True ● Gel electrophoresis is a technique used to separate a mixture of DNA fragments. During this process, large DNA fragments move longer distances than small DNA fragments when an electric current is applied. False ● Through genetic engineering, it is possible for scientists to identify the sequence of bases in DNA, determine the location of certain genes in DNA, and create more DNA from DNA samples. True ● Some genetically engineered tomato plants produce tomatoes that last longer on the grocery shelf, and some genetically engineered cotton plants are resistant to insects. True ● All human beings share approximately 99% of their DNA with the rest of the human population. ● The genetic variation that exists among humans is mainly due to the differences that exist within their parents ● Restriction enzymes will restrict the growth of viruses ● During genetic engineering small loops of DNA called plasmids ● Polymerase chain reaction is used to mass produce copies of a section of DNA outside of a cell ● During electrophoresis DNA fragments are separated based upon size ● the human genome was officially sequenced in 2003 ● Genomics compares the genomes of different organisms ● Bacteria are the most genetically modified organisms that are used by scientists. ● Genetic engineering is the process by which an organism's genome is deliberately modified. ● B carotene is being produced by genetically engineered golden rice ● Pigs is a potential source of organ transplantation to humans ● Mice were the first to be genetically modified? ● A challenge with scientific breakthroughs is that they are rarely accompanied by the discovery of the tools needed to study them ● One of the main safety guidelines of DNA research is that the host organisms can only survive under a narrow range of laboratory conditions ● Gene therapy is the transfer of recombinant DNA into an individual's body in an attempt to correct a genetic defect. ● All are risks associated with gene therapy. ● Once the Genomic DNA is identified during the cloning of an animal, the next step is Remove the DNA from the donor cell. ● During somatic cell nuclear transfer a researcher will remove the nucleus from an unfertilized egg and insert a nucleus from an adult animal. ● Recombinant DNA has occurred in sexually reproducing forms, can be produced with

new biological techniques, occurs with viral infections of various forms of life., and has produced changes that resulted in evolution. ALL OF THESE ● New genetic combinations result from crossing over, sexual reproduction, mutations, and exchange of genes between different species. ALL OF THESE ● Recombinant DNA technology uses bacteria to make copies of the desired product and splices DNAs together. ● Small circular molecules of DNA in bacteria are called plasmids. ● A tangelo is a combination: tangerine and grapefruit. ● Plasmids are self reproducing circular molecules of DNA, are sites for inserting genes for amplification, may be transferred between different species of bacteria, and may confer the ability to donate genetic material when bacteria conjugate. all of these ● Enzymes used to cut DNA molecules in recombinant DNA research are restriction enzymes. ● The fragments of chromosomes split by restriction enzymes have specific sequences of nucleotides and sticky ends. ● The "natural" use of restriction enzymes by bacteria is to destroy viral DNA. ● Restriction enzymes often produce staggered cuts in DNA that are useful in splicing genes,are like most enzymes in being very specific in their action, are natural defense mechanisms evolved in bacteria to guard against or counteract bacteriophages,are used along with ligase and plasmids to produce a DNA library. all of these ● Restriction enzymes work at recognition sites. ● DNA ligase joins the paired sticky ends of DNA fragments ● Because it has no introns, researchers prefer to use cDNA when working with human genes. ● RNA can manufacture DNA via the action of reverse transcriptase. ● Polymerase chain reaction methods of DNA amplification does NOT require cloning ● For polymerase chain reaction to occur, isolated DNA molecules must be primed and the DNA must be separated into single strands ● Multiple copies of DNA can be produced by cloning a DNA library, genetic amplification, the use of reverse transcriptase, the action of DNA polymerase. All of these ● The use of RFLPs for "genetic fingerprinting" is based upon differences of locations where enzymes make their cuts.

● Which of the following statements about restriction fragment length polymorphism is false? RFLPs can be used to distinguish between identical twins ● The detection of nucleotides as they pass through an automated DNA sequencing machine is by laser fluorescence ● To determine the nucleotide sequence in DNA, scientists now use automated DNA sequencing. ● A collection of DNA fragments produced by restriction enzymes and incorporated into plasmids is called a DNA library.

● Probes for cloned genes use complementary nucleotide sequences labeled with radioactive isotopes. ● The method used to determine which host cells pick up a desired plasmid is the use of antibiotics. ● Genetically engineered organisms that carry some foreign genes are said to be transgenic. ● Vaccines produced by genetic engineering contain antigen produced by bacteria, ● Genetically engineering bacteria may be used to break down pollutants in the environment in a process known as bioremediation. ● Stringent safety rules make the use of recombinant DNA research possible. ● The human genome project seeks to identify the nucleotide sequence of all human genes. ● Inhibit transcription of mRNA would represent a way to affect a cell without directly affecting its gene ● Ribozymes is the name given to bits of RNA that act like enzymes to cut up specific mRNA sequences before they can be translated. This question will probably be on the final exam! ● Gene therapy offers the possibility of replacing defective alleles with normal ones. ● Recombinant DNA research uses plasmids and viruses as cloning vectors ● Golden rice is a transgenic crop plant that has been engineered to produce elevated levels of the pigment beta-carotene. These rice strains were developed to help prevent vitamin A deficiency in children ● What is meant by the term recombinant DNA? DNA from different species that are not normally found joined together in nature. ● The following DNA sequence contains a six-base palindromic sequence that is a recognition and cutting site for a restriction enzyme. This DNA sequence is the same when read forward on the top strand of DNA, and backward on the bottom strand of DNA. What is the sixbase palindromic sequence that is found in the DNA sequence below? CCGA GTA AGC GTAC GG CTC ATT CGC ATG Answer: CCGA TAGACTAC GCTATATCG CATG ● A paternity test is conducted using PCR to analyze an RFLP that consistently produces a unique DNA fingerprint pattern from a single chromosome. After examining the results of the DNA fingerprint to the right, which male(s) can be excluded as the father of the child? Male 3 ● True. Both DNA polymerase and Taq DNA polymerase require a single-stranded primer to function. ● What is another name for therapeutic cloning? Therapeutic cloning is also known as somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). ● In February 2004, a team of South Korean scientists managed to generate more than thirty human blastocysts by therapeutic cloning. How many human embryonic stem cell lines were produced by this technique? These scientists produced a single human embryonic stem cell line from these embryos. ● What is the current “bottleneck” in therapeutic cloning? The current “bottleneck” is the low efficiency that occurs when stem cell lines are prepared from cloned blastocysts. ● What is the difference between reproductive cloning and therapeutic cloning? Reproductive cloning involves cloning a person’s DNA, and transplanting the embryo into a (surrogate) mother for the sole purpose of producing a new human being. Therapeutic cloning is the development of human blastocysts for the sole purpose of producing stem cell lines for therapeutic use in humans. ● In addition to embryonic stem cells, what other type of human tissue contains stem cells

that show potential in the treatment of human diseases? Adult stem cells are found in human umbilical cords, and long bone marrow that contains hematopoietic (blood cell forming) stem cells. ● What recommendation was made on therapeutic cloning in a report by the U.S. President’s Council on Bioethics in July 2002? This council recommended that cloning for biomedical research be prohibited during a four-year moratorium. ● In three-parent in vitro fertilization, why is a second female donor required for this procedure?One female donates a viable haploid nucleus from an egg cell that contains defective mitochondria for reproduction. Due to defective mitochondria, a second female donor is needed to donate an empty enucleated) egg cell that contains healthy mitochondria. The haploid egg pronucleus from the first female donor is then inserted into the empty egg cell from the second female donor in order to produce a viable [haploid] egg cell that in turn can be fertilized by a haploid sperm cell. ● In what country is three-parent in vitro fertilization a legal medical procedure? The United Kingdom will legalize TPIVF in October, 2015. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threeparent_baby ● What part of a mammalian blastocyst (developing embryo) is composed of embryonic stem cells? The inner cell mass cells. ● What position does the Trump administration have on embryonic stem cell research? No position has been taken at the present time. ● True or False. Embryonic stem cells are classified as pluripotent cells. True. from pluri‘several’ + Latin potent- ‘being able’ ● Which cell is NOT the same type as the others? Erythrocytes ● Which cell is NOT involved with the defense response? erythrocytes ● Which cell produces the fibrin used in blood clots? Platelets ● About how many quarts of blood does a normal, 150 pound, human adult have? 4-5 ● All but which of the following can occur in the blood? digestion of nutrients ● The most common plasma protein is albumin. ● The plasma protein associated with immunity is, such as immunity against hepatitis, is: gamma globulin. ● Hemoglobin contains which element? iron ● In adult humans, red blood cells originate in the. bone marrow. ● In humans, which cell does NOT have a nucleus when mature? erythrocytes ● Erythropoietin stimulates the red bone marrow to generate red blood cells. ● When the oxygen level in the tissues is low, which of the following secretes enzymes that trigger the production of erythropoietin, causing an increase in red blood cell production? kidneys ● Which of the following is NOT a hereditary anemia? iron-deficiency anemia ● . If you are blood type A, you carry antibodies for type B blood. ● Which blood type is the universal recipient? AB ● . Which of the following systems is the only one to have direct interactions with the other three? circulatory ● Blood in arteries always travels away from the heart. ● In the human systemic circuit, blood will pass through all but which of the following? lungs ● Which of the following statements is true? The systemic circuit leaves the heart from the

left ventricle. ● The aorta leaves the left ventricle. ● The pulmonary artery carries blood away from the right ventricle. ● Blood from the body is first received by the heart in the right atrium ● Heart excitation originates in the intercalated disk. ● The heart will contract as a result of stimuli from the sinoatrial node. ● The diastolic pressure for a normal young adult would be 80 mmHg. ● The part of the brain responsible for blood pressure is the medulla oblongata. ● In its travel through the human body, blood usually continues on from capillaries to enter venules. ● The greatest drop in blood pressure occurs in the arterioles ● By controlling their musculature, which of the following can vary the resistance to blood flow? arterioles ● Because of their great elasticity, which of the following can function as blood volume reservoirs during times of low metabolic output?veins and venules ● Which controls the distribution of blood? arterioles ● The blood makes "pickups" and "deliveries" MOST DIRECTLY to interstitial fluid. ● Extracellular fluid contains all but which of the following? erythrocytes ● At the arteriole end of the capillary, more fluid leaves the capillary than enters as a result of hydrostatic force. ● Hemostasis in vertebrates includes all of the following EXCEPT release of iron to aid in the clumping of platelets. ● A stroke is a rupture of a blood vessel in the brain. ● Which of the following is transported in greater quantities in the lymphatic system than in the blood? fats ● The lymphoid organs include all but the stomach. ● The system which reclaims fluids and proteins that have escaped from blood capillaries is the lymphatic. ● Areas where lymphocytes congregate as they cleanse the blood of foreign materials are called lymph nodes. ● During cardiac arrest what event will occur? All of these choices. ● What is required to restart a heart that has entered cardiac arrest? An electrical shock to the heart. ● Which blood vessel will carry blood away from the kidneys? Renal vein ● Which category of blood vessels will have the largest diameter? Vein ● Which chamber of the heart will initially receive the oxygen poor blood from the body? Right atrium ● Which blood vessel will deliver blood from the lower regions to the body? Inferior vena cava ● Plasma will make up ________% to ________% of the blood volume. 50, 60 ● Which of the following is not true regarding the circulatory system? During fetal development, the circulatory system develops from the lymphatic system. ● Which of the following is not a function of blood? conduction of nerve ...